Milli Qurtulu\u015f, yoxsa nomenklatura revan\u015f\u0131?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\u00d6lk\u0259mizd\u0259 15 iyun r\u0259smi olaraq Milli Qurtulu\u015f G\u00fcn\u00fc kimi qeyd edilir. \u018fliyev hakimiyy\u0259tinin ideoloji, siyasi hekay\u0259si bu g\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qurulub. \u0130ddia olunur ki, 1993-c\u00fc ilin iyun ay\u0131n\u0131n 15-d\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t v\u0259 xalq xaosdan, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259n xilas edilib – milli qurtulu\u015f ba\u015f verib. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar da yaln\u0131z bir n\u0259f\u0259rin siyasi s\u0259ri\u015ft\u0259si, bacar\u0131\u011f\u0131, uzaqg\u00f6r\u0259nliyi v\u0259 fitri istedad\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 ba\u015f tutub. H\u0259min \u015f\u0259xsi h\u0259m d\u0259 m\u00fcasir Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n qurucusu, banisi hesab edirl\u0259r, \u201c\u00fcmumilli lider\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131rlar. Bu diskursu ictimai r\u0259y\u0259 yeritm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 tarixind\u0259ki Atat\u00fcrk n\u00fcmun\u0259si il\u0259 paralell\u0259r apar\u0131rlar. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u0259m 33 il \u0259vv\u0259l ba\u015f vermi\u015f hadis\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 – 4 iyun qiyam\u0131na v\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259t \u00e7evrili\u015fini r\u0259smil\u0259\u015fdirmi\u015f\u00a015 iyuna, h\u0259m d\u0259 sonrak\u0131 prosesl\u0259r\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259n baxaq g\u00f6r\u0259k, n\u0259tic\u0259 h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 \u201cMilli Qurtulu\u015f\u201d idi, yoxsa revan\u015f?!\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu suala cavab verm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kommunizm ideologiyal\u0131 rejiml\u0259rin h\u00f6km s\u00fcrd\u00fcy\u00fc, SSR\u0130-nin r\u0259hb\u0259rlik etdiyi Sosialist Pakt\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin (Var\u015fava bloku) yerl\u0259\u015fdiyi co\u011frafiyaya n\u0259z\u0259r salmal\u0131y\u0131q. Eyni zamanda, M\u0259rk\u0259zi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa (M\u015eA) \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 v\u0259 3 Baltik \u00f6lk\u0259si xaric, ke\u00e7mi\u015f sovet respublikalar\u0131nda ba\u015f ver\u0259nl\u0259ri d\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259li t\u0259hlil etm\u0259k laz\u0131m g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u0259rk\u0259zi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropada kommunist rejiml\u0259rin devrilm\u0259si, dem\u0259k olar ki, eyni vaxtda – 1989-cu ild\u0259 start g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu proses ilk olaraq Pol\u015fada ba\u015flad\u0131: fevral-aprel aylar\u0131nda kommunist hakimiyy\u0259t m\u00fcxalif \u201cSolidarnost\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri il\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar masas\u0131na oturdu, iyun ay\u0131nda yar\u0131azad parlament se\u00e7kil\u0259ri ke\u00e7irildi (ENRS, 2005). H\u0259min ayda Macaristanda hakimiyy\u0259t m\u00fcxalif\u0259ti m\u00fczakir\u0259y\u0259 d\u0259v\u0259t etm\u0259kl\u0259 islahat prosesin\u0259 t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs etdi. Pay\u0131zda \u015e\u0259rqi Almanya, \u00c7exoslovakiya v\u0259 Bolqar\u0131standa dinc k\u00fctl\u0259vi aksiyalar ba\u015flad\u0131. Rumuniyada d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r zorak\u0131 yolla ba\u015f verdi – 1989-cu ilin dekabr\u0131nda hakim rejim dinc n\u00fcmayi\u015f\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 at\u0259\u015f a\u00e7d\u0131, 1104 n\u0259f\u0259r \u00f6ld\u00fc, 3552 n\u0259f\u0259r yaraland\u0131. 25 dekabrda \u00f6lk\u0259 prezidenti Nikolay \u00c7au\u015fesku v\u0259 arvad\u0131 Yelena h\u0259rbi tribunal\u0131n q\u0259rar\u0131yla g\u00fcll\u0259l\u0259ndil\u0259r (Editura Lumen, 2006).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Baltik \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qillik u\u011frunda azadl\u0131q m\u00fcbariz\u0259si 1988-ci ild\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini elan ed\u0259n (11 mart 1990) ilk sovet respublikas\u0131 Litva olmu\u015fdu. \u201cSoyudis\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n Ali Sovet\u0259 se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 qalib g\u0259lm\u0259si \u00f6lk\u0259nin m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin\u0259 dair deklarasiya q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin SSR\u0130-y\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sinin qanunsuz elan olunmas\u0131yla n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ndi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1991-ci ilin avqustunda \u2013 SSR\u0130 prezidenti Mixail Qorba\u00e7ovu hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259n uzaqla\u015fd\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Moskvada \u201cQKCP\u201d (D\u00f6vl\u0259t F\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 V\u0259ziyy\u0259t Komit\u0259si \u2013 DFVK) qiyam\u0131 ba\u015f ver\u0259nd\u0259n sonra Latviya v\u0259 Estoniya da \u00f6z m\u00fcst\u0259qillikl\u0259rini elan etdil\u0259r (ERR News, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Totalitar sistemd\u0259n demokratiyaya ke\u00e7id insan haqlar\u0131n\u0131n qorunmas\u0131n\u0131, azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n t\u0259min edilm\u0259sini, yeni institusional strukturlar\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, d\u00f6vl\u0259t hakimiyy\u0259tinin \u00fc\u00e7 qola (icra strukturlar\u0131, qanunverici orqan v\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 sistemi) ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sini v\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 n\u0259zar\u0259ti, d\u00f6vl\u0259t v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u00a0 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rinin xarakterind\u0259 prinsipial d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259ri t\u0259min ed\u0259n\u00a0mexanizml\u0259rin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ehtiva edir.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin b\u0259zil\u0259rind\u0259 demokratik konstitusiya q\u0259bul olundu, dig\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00f6vcud konstitusiyaya \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r edildi. Yeni konstitusion nizam insan h\u00fcquq v\u0259 azadl\u0131qlar\u0131na t\u0259minat verdi, hakimiyy\u0259tin azad v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli se\u00e7kil\u0259r yoluyla d\u0259yi\u015fdirilm\u0259si prinsipini t\u0259sbit etdi; hakimiyy\u0259t qollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda funksional b\u00f6lg\u00fc, qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 n\u0259zar\u0259t v\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131rma m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirdi. Kommunist Partiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u201ct\u0259k \u0259l\u201d idar\u0259\u00e7iliyinin v\u0259 planl\u0131 iqtisadiyyat\u0131n yerin\u0259 azad bazar v\u0259 liberal demokratiya institutlar\u0131 (azad se\u00e7kil\u0259r, m\u00fcst\u0259qil parlament, m\u00fcst\u0259qil m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259, ictimai n\u0259zar\u0259t\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q g\u00fcc strukturlar\u0131\/silahl\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r) yarad\u0131ld\u0131. Ke\u00e7mi\u015f \u201cxalq demokratiyas\u0131\u201d c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259ri m\u00fclki v\u0259 siyasi h\u00fcquqlar, azadl\u0131qlar (s\u00f6z, topla\u015fma v\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131, siyasi f\u0259aliyy\u0259td\u0259 i\u015ftirak h\u00fcququ, se\u00e7m\u0259k v\u0259 se\u00e7ilm\u0259k h\u00fcququ v\u0259 s) \u0259ld\u0259 etdi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 demokratik transformasiyan\u0131n \u0259sas f\u0259rql\u0259ndirici x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri o idi ki, post-kommunist elita rejimin repressiv miras\u0131n\u0131 aradan qald\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn konkret i\u015fl\u0259r g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u0259sin\u0259 can at\u0131rd\u0131. Ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259tini n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutan t\u0259dbirl\u0259r \u0259sas\u0259n bunlar idi: h\u00fcququn \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u0259min edilm\u0259si, yeni \u0259saslarla ictimai sazi\u015fin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131, avtoritar v\u0259 ya totalitar sistemd\u0259n demokratik sistem\u0259 ke\u00e7id prosesind\u0259 qeyri-demokratik t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259d\u0259n imtina, ke\u00e7mi\u015fin miras\u0131n\u0131n aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, y\u0259ni rejimin b\u00fct\u00fcn qurbanlar\u0131na m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tsizliyin tan\u0131nmas\u0131, \u0259dal\u0259tsiz m\u00fchakim\u0259 olunanlar\u0131n reabilitasiyas\u0131, repressiyaya m\u0259ruz qalanlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ictimai b\u0259ra\u0259t v\u0259 maddi kompensasiyan\u0131n t\u0259min edilm\u0259si, m\u00fcsadir\u0259 olunmu\u015f \u0259mlaklar\u0131n sahibl\u0259rin\u0259 qaytar\u0131lmas\u0131 (restitusiya), insan haqlar\u0131n\u0131 pozan v\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259n sui-istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin cinay\u0259t m\u0259suliyy\u0259tin\u0259 c\u0259lb olunmas\u0131 (l\u00fcstrasiya).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00fcstrasiya ke\u00e7mi\u015f hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259 tutanlar\u0131n, siyasi elitan\u0131n v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif strukturlarda (t\u0259hsil sistemind\u0259, K\u0130V-d\u0259 v\u0259 s.) onlarla \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q ed\u0259nl\u0259rin d\u00f6vl\u0259t xidm\u0259tind\u0259 v\u0259 ya ictimai sferada v\u0259zif\u0259 tutmalar\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fcquqi m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259t v\u0259 qada\u011fad\u0131r. Bu t\u0259dbirl\u0259r administrativ xarakter da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r v\u0259 repressiv institutlarla, gizli polisl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li insanlar\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131qlanmas\u0131ndan tutmu\u015f, d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259, ictimai v\u0259 b\u0259z\u0259n h\u0259tta \u00f6z\u0259l sektorda v\u0259zif\u0259 tutma\u011fa qoyulan qada\u011falardan ibar\u0259t olur (Azadliq Radiosu, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00fcstrasiya prosesind\u0259 insanlar\u0131 identifikasiya etm\u0259k \u0259sas\u0259n\u00a0kompartiyan\u0131n v\u0259 gizli polisin arxivl\u0259rinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00fcstrasiya t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rinin m\u0259qs\u0259d v\u0259 motivl\u0259ri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nKe\u00e7mi\u015f bar\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259qiq\u0259tl\u0259rin a\u015fkarlanmas\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tin b\u0259rpas\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nL\u00fcstrasiya prosesi v\u0259 onunla \u0259laq\u0259li arxivl\u0259rin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca m\u0259qs\u0259d insan haqlar\u0131n\u0131n pozulmas\u0131 v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t terroru haqq\u0131nda h\u0259qiq\u0259tl\u0259rin a\u015fkarlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 cinay\u0259tin \u0259hat\u0259 dair\u0259si v\u0259 onun i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n a\u015fkarlanmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn sor\u011fu verm\u0259k \u0259dal\u0259tin b\u0259rpas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bazis t\u0259l\u0259b say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun m\u0259ntiqi o idi ki, demokratiyan\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131nda m\u0259suliyy\u0259t prinsipi durur. M\u0259suliyy\u0259t is\u0259 h\u0259qiq\u0259ti a\u015fkarlama\u011f\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259b edir v\u0259 m\u0259cbur edir ki, insanlar\u0131n iztirablar\u0131, iztirablara s\u0259b\u0259b olan\u00a0 d\u00f6vl\u0259t v\u0259 onun agentl\u0259ri m\u0259lum olsun. Bu, legitimliyin yeni prinsipl\u0259rinin formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antidemokratik q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin revan\u015f\u0131 v\u0259 totalitarizm\u0259 qayd\u0131\u015f t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259si<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nDemokratik d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rin ilk m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259si ciddi t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259yl\u0259 – \u0259vv\u0259lki nomenklatura t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259rinin v\u0259 x\u00fcsusi xidm\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rin revan\u015f\u0131 ehtimal\u0131yla m\u00fc\u015fay\u0259t olunur. Ad\u0259t\u0259n, onlar \u0259ks-inqilab\u0131n ba\u015f tutmas\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259vv\u0259lki totalitar nizam\u0131n b\u0259rpas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r \u015fey etm\u0259y\u0259 haz\u0131r olurlar. L\u00fcstrasiya prosesi m\u0259hz bunu \u00f6nl\u0259mi\u015f olur.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u0259h\u015fi l\u00fcstrasiya v\u0259 \u015fantaj t\u0259hdidl\u0259ri<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\nYeni nizam\u0131 t\u0259hdid ed\u0259n \u0259saslardan biri d\u0259 odur ki, ke\u00e7mi\u015f t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik orqanlar\u0131yla \u0259laq\u0259si olan v\u0259 yeni sistemd\u0259 vacib post tutan insanlar \u015fantaj \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259if b\u0259nd olurlar. Onlar h\u0259r an arxiv dosyalar\u0131 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 kompromat t\u0259hdidiyl\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015f\u0259r\u0259k t\u0259zyiq al\u0259tin\u0259 \u00e7evril\u0259 bil\u0259rl\u0259r. Bel\u0259l\u0259ri ke\u00e7mi\u015fin if\u015fas\u0131 t\u0259hdidiyl\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t maraqlarana zidd olan, demokratik qurulu\u015fun \u0259saslar\u0131n\u0131 sars\u0131dan f\u0259aliyy\u0259td\u0259 istifad\u0259 oluna bilirl\u0259r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu qorxu bir \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 prosesin s\u00fcr\u0259tini azaltd\u0131, \u201cv\u0259h\u015fi v\u0259 ya n\u0259zar\u0259t oluna bilm\u0259y\u0259n l\u00fcstrasiya\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131lan v\u0259ziyy\u0259t yaratd\u0131. Arxiv m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 nizams\u0131z \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 K\u0130V-\u0259 s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, kompromat kimi istifad\u0259 olundu, b\u0259zi s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259r m\u0259hv edildi, b\u0259zil\u0259ri qara bazarda sat\u0131ld\u0131 (Kieran Williams, 2007). Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 sistemli l\u00fcstrasiya t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri xaotik prosesin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaqda v\u0259 prosesi nizamlanmaqda m\u00fch\u00fcm \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Milli t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik t\u0259hdidi, ke\u00e7mi\u015f \u0259m\u0259kda\u015flar\u0131 yeni sistemd\u0259n uzadla\u015fd\u0131rmaq<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nArxiv s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rin\u0259 dair effektiv nizamlama i\u015fl\u0259ri apar\u0131lmad\u0131qda, bu, dosyel\u0259rin xarici x\u00fcsusi xidm\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259lin\u0259 ke\u00e7m\u0259si ehtimal\u0131 yarad\u0131r v\u0259 milli t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliy\u0259 t\u0259hdid \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259min haz\u0131rlay\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, 1995-ci ilin sonu, 1996-c\u0131 ilin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 Pol\u015fan\u0131n Ba\u015f naz\u0131ri Jozef Oleksiy SSR\u0130 v\u0259 Rusiya k\u0259\u015ffiyyat\u0131yla \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131qda ittiham olundu. Skandal onun istefas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ndi (Jan de Weydenthal, 1996). <\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00f6hn\u0259 nomenklatura \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sinin b\u0259rpas\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n iqtisadi-siyasi t\u0259sirinin g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259si<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nTotalitarizmd\u0259n demokratiyaya transformasiya prosesinin gedi\u015find\u0259 m\u0259lum oldu ki, \u0259vv\u0259lki elita yeni sistemd\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6z t\u0259sir g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc saxlay\u0131b, m\u00fch\u00fcm d\u00f6vl\u0259t v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 davam edir, strateji s\u0259naye sah\u0259l\u0259rinin v\u0259 iri korporasiyalar\u0131n maliyy\u0259 strukturlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irib, \u00f6z \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rini v\u0259 resursular\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f\u0259 salaraq \u00f6z\u0259ll\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesind\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck g\u0259lirl\u0259r, \u0259mlaklar \u0259ld\u0259 edib. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259m yeni elitan\u0131n t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259halisi l\u00fcstrasiyaya \u0259vv\u0259lki nomenklatura \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sini da\u011f\u0131tmaq, onun siyasi-iqtisadi t\u0259sir imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaq, siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn artmas\u0131na mane olmaq prosesi kimi baxd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Demokratiyan\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259si <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nKommunist rejiml\u0259r\u0259 son qoyulmu\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 l\u00fcstrasiya prosesin\u0259 dayaqlar\u0131 h\u0259l\u0259 ki k\u00f6vr\u0259k olan demokratik sistemin m\u00fcdafi\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn vasit\u0259 kimi bax\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Demokratiyan\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259si ideyas\u0131 Avropa \u018fdal\u0259t M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259sinin t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u0259 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nib. Bu qurum \u00f6z q\u0259rarlar\u0131nda vur\u011fulay\u0131b ki, demokratik d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r m\u0259murlardan konstitusiyon prinsipl\u0259r\u0259 s\u0259daq\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259b etm\u0259kd\u0259 haql\u0131d\u0131rlar. Avropa \u015euras\u0131 Venesiya Komissiyas\u0131 da d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 qeyd edib ki, konstitusiyaya \u0259saslanan d\u00f6vl\u0259t yeni yaranan demokratiyan\u0131 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 etm\u0259k h\u00fcququna sahibdir (Uwe Backes, 2006). <\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u015ePA-n\u0131n 1996-c\u0131 ild\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f 1096 sayl\u0131 q\u0259tnam\u0259si \u201cke\u00e7mi\u015f kommunist totalitar sisteminin miras\u0131n\u0131n aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri\u201d adlan\u0131r. Orada demokratiyan\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259si il\u0259 l\u00fcstrasiya qanunvericiliyinin q\u0259bulu aras\u0131nda \u0259laq\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilir. H\u0259m\u00e7inin h\u00fcququn \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc v\u0259 h\u00fcquqi d\u00f6vl\u0259t prinsipin\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259l\u0259n t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin kriteriyalar\u0131 t\u0259svir edilir (PACE, 1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 l\u00fcstrasiya t\u0259r\u0259fdarlar\u0131 proses\u0259 publik institutlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 \u015f\u0259ffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u0259m\u00e7inin ictimai etimad\u0131n b\u0259rpas\u0131 imkan\u0131 kimi yana\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u0130ctimai mara\u011f\u0131n t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda geni\u015f m\u0259lumat alma h\u00fcququ demokratik d\u00f6vl\u0259tin \u0259sas s\u00fctunlar\u0131ndan biri kimi q\u0259bul olunurdu. Eyni zamanda, h\u0259d\u0259f c\u0259za verm\u0259k yox, se\u00e7ilmi\u015f t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f etimad\u0131n\u0131 b\u0259rpa etm\u0259k idi. \u00c7\u00fcnki demokratik sistemd\u0259 etimad fundamental prinsipl\u0259rd\u0259n say\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00fcstrasiya mexanizml\u0259ri v\u0259 arxivl\u0259rin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nM\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 l\u00fcstrasiya prosesi m\u00fcxt\u0259lif formalarda h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irildi v\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259lilik bax\u0131m\u0131ndan da bir-birind\u0259n kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r f\u0259rqli oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u0259rt l\u00fcstrasiya \u2013 Almaniya v\u0259 \u00c7exiya<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nAlmaniya v\u0259 \u00c7exiyada erk\u0259n v\u0259 s\u0259rt l\u00fcstrasiya t\u0259tbiq olundu.\u00a0 Bu proqramlar vasit\u0259sil\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n dekommunizasiya prosesi ard\u0131c\u0131l v\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 apar\u0131ld\u0131 (Bundesarchiv, 2021).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yum\u015faq l\u00fcstrasiya \u2013 Pol\u015fa v\u0259 Macar\u0131stan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nPol\u015fa v\u0259 Macaristanda yum\u015faq l\u00fcstrasiya variant\u0131 se\u00e7ildi, demokratiyaya ke\u00e7id kompartiya il\u0259 m\u00fcxalif\u0259t aras\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 edil\u0259n kompromisl\u0259r fonunda ba\u015f verdi. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 Almaniya v\u0259 \u00c7exoslovakiyadan f\u0259rqli olaraq dekommunizasiya prosesi daha az q\u0259rarl\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259 ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131qla apar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arxivsiz l\u00fcstrasiya <\/em><\/strong>\u2013<\/strong> Baltik respublikalar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nBaltik \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 v\u0259ziyy\u0259t M\u015eA-dak\u0131ndan f\u0259rqli idi, \u00e7\u00fcnki DTK arxivl\u0259rinin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti ittifaq \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n Moskvaya – m\u0259rk\u0259z\u0259 da\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 kommunistl\u0259rin v\u0259 x\u00fcsusi xidm\u0259t orqanlar\u0131yla \u0259laq\u0259li \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 t\u0259msil olunmamas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn x\u00fcsusi kadr se\u00e7imi mexanizml\u0259ri haz\u0131rland\u0131. Latviya v\u0259 Estoniyada ke\u00e7mi\u015f siyasi elita t\u0259sir r\u0131\u00e7aqlar\u0131ndan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fl\u0131q haqq\u0131nda qanun vasit\u0259sil\u0259, m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259li \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 uzaqla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 (Una Bergmane, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gecik\u0259n l\u00fcstrasiya<\/em><\/strong> –<\/strong> Rum\u0131niya v\u0259 Slovakiya<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Rum\u0131niyada \u00c7au\u015feskudan, Slovakiyada is\u0259 \u00c7exoslovakiyan\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131ndan sonra hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n siyasi g\u00fccl\u0259r dekommunizasiya prosesin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xan siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259t idi. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259tin\u0259 dair t\u0259dbirl\u0259r bu iki \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 90-lar\u0131n sonu v\u0259 2000-l\u0259rin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n m\u00fcxalif\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul edildi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rusiya v\u0259 dig\u0259r Sovet respublikalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nRusiyada l\u00fcstrasiyadan imtina edildi. M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq postsovet periodu boyunca ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259ti az t\u0259l\u0259b olundu. Prezident Yeltsin kompartiyan\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini dayand\u0131rmas\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259mlak\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 verilm\u0259si bar\u0259d\u0259 f\u0259rmanlar vers\u0259 d\u0259 (Soviethistory, 1991), d\u0259rhal da v\u0259d etdi ki, Rusiyada he\u00e7 bir kommunist t\u0259qib olunmayacaq. D\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 qeyd etdi ki, \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 idar\u0259etm\u0259 pe\u015f\u0259karlar\u0131n \u0259lind\u0259dir. L\u00fcstrasiyadan vaz ke\u00e7m\u0259kl\u0259, \u0259slind\u0259, o\u00a0\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc v\u0259 yax\u0131n \u0259traf\u0131n\u0131 qorudu. \u00c7\u00fcnki \u00f6z\u00fc 10 ild\u0259n \u00e7ox m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u0259rzind\u0259 Sverdlov vilay\u0259tinin birinci katibi olmu\u015fdu. Ke\u00e7mi\u015f partiya elitas\u0131na t\u0259tbiq edil\u0259c\u0259k m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 t\u0259dbirl\u0259r ona da \u015famil olunmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parlament\u0259 g\u0259linc\u0259, h\u0259l\u0259 SSR\u0130 l\u0259\u011fv edilm\u0259zd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l – 4 mart 1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259 se\u00e7ilmi\u015f Ali Sovet v\u0259 Xalq Deputatlar\u0131 Qurultay\u0131 m\u00f6vcudiyy\u0259tini saxlay\u0131rd\u0131. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 meydan\u0131 ke\u00e7mi\u015f elitadan t\u0259mizl\u0259m\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin\u0259 dair h\u0259r hans\u0131 qanunvericilik t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fcn d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259si \u015fans\u0131 yox idi. 1991-ci ild\u0259 QK\u00c7P hadis\u0259sin\u0259 etiraz olaraq y\u00fczminl\u0259rl\u0259 insan \u201cDoloy KPSS!\u201d \u015f\u00fcar\u0131 il\u0259 k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xsa da, n\u0259 o hadis\u0259d\u0259n sonra, n\u0259 d\u0259 SSR\u0130 dekabrda de-yure burax\u0131landan sonra da azad parlament se\u00e7kil\u0259ri ke\u00e7irilm\u0259di. Bu, demokratik ke\u00e7id \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn son d\u0259q\u0259c\u0259 z\u0259ruri idi v\u0259 ba\u015f verm\u0259m\u0259si Rusiyan\u0131n ictimai-siyasi h\u0259yat\u0131na neqativ t\u0259sirini g\u00f6st\u0259rdi \u2013 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 ikihakimiyy\u0259tlilik b\u00f6hran\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoydu. Yeltsinl\u0259 Ali Sovet aras\u0131ndak\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131durma 1993-c\u00fc ilin pay\u0131z\u0131nda parlament binas\u0131na at\u0259\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ndi v\u0259 ard\u0131nca Rusiyan\u0131n islahat layih\u0259sinin sonunu g\u0259tirdi.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Problemin k\u00f6k\u00fc SSR\u0130-nin 1978-ci ild\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f konstitusiyas\u0131ndan\u00a0qaynaqlan\u0131rd\u0131. SSR\u0130 da\u011f\u0131lan d\u00f6vr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r q\u00fcvv\u0259d\u0259 olan bu s\u0259n\u0259d\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tin faktiki m\u0259rk\u0259zi Xalq Deputatlar\u0131 Qurultay\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Demokratiyaya ke\u00e7id m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fczr\u0259 t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar Juan List v\u0259 Stefan Alfred qeyd edirl\u0259r ki, \u0259g\u0259r 1991-ci ilin pay\u0131z\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259r \u00fczr\u0259 se\u00e7kil\u0259r ke\u00e7irils\u0259ydi, Yeltsini d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n \u201cDemokratik Rusiya\u201d h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 v\u0259 onun \u0259traf\u0131nda birl\u0259\u015f\u0259nl\u0259r qalib g\u0259l\u0259rdil\u0259r (Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, 1996). Bu, radikal bazar islahat\u0131na m\u00f6hk\u0259m baza qatard\u0131. Prezident is\u0259 qanunverici hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259n demokratik islahatlar\u0131n formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ciddi d\u0259st\u0259k alard\u0131. H\u0259min d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Yeltsinin populyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k idi v\u0259 se\u00e7kid\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 qazanma\u011fa yet\u0259rdi. Amma o, bu y\u00f6nd\u0259 islahatlara ba\u015flamaq \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259, iqtisadi reformalar\u0131 realla\u015fd\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qurultaydan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259r ald\u0131. Bu q\u0259rarla Yeltsin t\u0259kc\u0259 post-kommunist iqtisadi layih\u0259sini yox, h\u0259m\u00e7inin z\u0259ruri institusional m\u00fchit formala\u015fd\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 son d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 vacib liberal iqtisadi islahatlar\u0131 da t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 alt\u0131na qoydu. Bununla o, h\u0259m d\u0259 parlamentarizmin inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f oldu (Kharcenter, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rusiyada ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259ti t\u0259dbirl\u0259rinin ger\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si yolunda dig\u0259r \u0259ng\u0259l m\u00fcvafiq \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n ictimai q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin yoxlu\u011fu idi. Ke\u00e7mi\u015f dissidentl\u0259r d\u0259 daxil, liberal ictimaiyy\u0259t t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri aras\u0131nda l\u00fcstrasiyan\u0131n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li v\u0259 laz\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259si hakim idi. Ke\u00e7mi\u015fl\u0259 hesabla\u015fmaya qar\u015f\u0131 olan, onu \u201c\u0259cinn\u0259 ovu\u201d adland\u0131ran ictimai r\u0259y vard\u0131. \u201cMemorial\u201d da daxil olmaqla, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti r\u0259hb\u0259rliyind\u0259 l\u00fcstrasiyan\u0131 \u201cqisas akt\u0131\u201d, \u201cb\u00f6y\u00fck terror\u201d, \u201cq\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 terror\u201d adland\u0131rmaq, onu bol\u015fevikl\u0259r d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259ki repressiyalarla m\u00fcqayis\u0259 etm\u0259k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259si dominantl\u0131q edirdi. Rusiyada l\u00fcstrasiya qanunvericiliyinin g\u0259r\u0259ksizliyi bar\u0259d\u0259 daha bir yay\u011f\u0131n fikir bu idi ki, g\u00fcya sovet c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 g\u00fcnahkarlarla qurbanlar\u0131 ay\u0131rd etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Amma b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n, m\u00fctl\u0259q azl\u0131q t\u0259\u015fkil ets\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259, postsovet Rusiyas\u0131nda l\u00fcstrasiya t\u0259r\u0259fdarlar\u0131 da vard\u0131. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Sank-Peterburq t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 olan \u201cV\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f n\u0259zar\u0259ti\u201dnin r\u0259hb\u0259ri Boris Pust\u0131ntsev bu ideyaya\u00a0 a\u00e7\u0131q d\u0259st\u0259k verirdi. 1993-c\u00fc ilin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 \u201cDemokratik Rusiya\u201d h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259ms\u0259diri v\u0259 xalq deputat\u0131 Qalina Starovoytova Ali Sovet\u0259 \u201cTotalitar rejimin siyas\u0259tini h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259n \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin pe\u015f\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin l\u00fcstrasiya \u00fczr\u0259 m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti qada\u011fan edilm\u0259si haqq\u0131nda\u201d federal qanun layih\u0259si t\u0259qdim etdi. Amma o layih\u0259y\u0259 n\u0259 \u201cDemokratik Rusiya\u201dn\u0131n parlamentd\u0259ki \u00e7oxlu\u011fu, n\u0259 d\u0259 dig\u0259r deputatlar d\u0259st\u0259k verdil\u0259r. 1997-ci ild\u0259 s\u0259n\u0259di t\u0259krar\u0259n D\u00f6vl\u0259t Dumas\u0131na t\u0259qdim ed\u0259n Starovoytova eyni halla \u00fczl\u0259\u015fdi. 1998-ci ilin 20 noyabr\u0131nda onu q\u0259tl\u0259 yetirdil\u0259r v\u0259 onun qanun layih\u0259si yegan\u0259 t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs olaraq qald\u0131 (Journal of Democracy, 1999).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1991-ci ilin avqustunda Yeltsin partiyan\u0131n v\u0259 DTK-n\u0131n arxivl\u0259rinin d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 verilm\u0259si bar\u0259d\u0259 f\u0259rman imzalad\u0131. Bununla ba\u011fl\u0131 x\u00fcsusi komissiya yarad\u0131ld\u0131, H\u0259rbi D\u0259niz Donanmas\u0131n\u0131n siyasi idar\u0259sinin r\u0259hb\u0259ri v\u0259zif\u0259sind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259mi\u015f general-polkovnik Dimitri Volkoqanov s\u0259dr t\u0259yin edildi. H\u0259min komissiya iki il i\u015fl\u0259di, amma f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti faktiki olaraq n\u0259tic\u0259siz qald\u0131. Sovet x\u00fcsusi xidm\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini t\u0259dqiq ed\u0259n Emi Knayt 1993-c\u00fc ilin pay\u0131z\u0131nda bel\u0259 yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131: \u201cBaxmayaraq ki, DTK 1991-ci ilin sonunda l\u0259\u011fv edilmi\u015fdi, onun yerind\u0259 yarad\u0131lan d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik aparat\u0131 arxivl\u0259rin saxlanmas\u0131na g\u00fccl\u00fc maraq g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi v\u0259 h\u0259r \u015feyi etdi ki, h\u0259min s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rin m\u0259xfilikd\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 als\u0131n. Eyni zamanda, Yeltsin \u00f6z\u00fc d\u0259 f\u0259rman\u0131n\u0131n realla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn he\u00e7 bir s\u0259y g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259di. Rusiya prezidenti bu m\u0259sl\u0259nin h\u0259llind\u0259n tamamil\u0259 k\u0259nara \u00e7\u0259kildi\u201d (Amy Knight, 1993).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1992-ci ilin aprelind\u0259 \u201c\u018fm\u0259liyyat-axtar\u0131\u015f f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanun q\u0259bul edildi. 5 iyul 1995-ci ild\u0259 D\u00f6vl\u0259t Dumas\u0131nda bu s\u0259n\u0259d yeni redaksiyada q\u0259bul olundu. \u018fm\u0259liyyat, agentlik f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259ri, orqanlarla \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q ed\u0259n \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin adlar\u0131 v\u0259 s. m\u0259lumatlar \u201cd\u00f6vl\u0259t sirri\u201d elan edildi. Bu, arxiv m\u0259lumatlar\u0131yla i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 \u0259n ciddi mane\u0259 oldu. 1991-ci noyabr\u0131nda Yeltsin \u201cSiyasi repressiya qurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n reabilitasiyas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanunu imzalad\u0131. Lakin bu da ka\u011f\u0131z \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qald\u0131. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 nomenklaturan\u0131n revan\u015f\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 Qalina Staravoytovan\u0131n 1993-c\u00fc ilin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259 dedikl\u0259ri ba\u015f verdi. Sonda hakimiyy\u0259t Putinin v\u0259 g\u00fcc strukturlar\u0131n\u0131n dig\u0259r t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259rinin \u0259lin\u0259 ke\u00e7di.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259 Ukrayna n\u00fcmun\u0259si<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonrak\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda xeyli gecikmi\u015f olsa da, bu istiqam\u0259td\u0259 add\u0131mlar atd\u0131. 2011-ci ild\u0259 parlament yekdillikl\u0259 \u201cAzadl\u0131q xartiyas\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 qanun q\u0259bul etdi. SSR\u0130 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik organlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259m\u0259kda\u015flar\u0131na, kompartiyan\u0131n v\u0259 komsomol t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259zif\u0259li \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin\u0259 se\u00e7ilm\u0259k v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131nda v\u0259zif\u0259 tutmaq qada\u011fan edildi. H\u0259min qada\u011falar ali t\u0259hsil sistemin\u0259, m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 sistemin\u0259 v\u0259 ictimai televiziya r\u0259hb\u0259rliyin\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olundu (OSVV, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II Maydan hadis\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 devril\u0259n Yanukovi\u00e7d\u0259n sonrak\u0131 ke\u00e7id d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Ukraynada da l\u00fcstrasiya prosesi ba\u015flad\u0131. Ondan xeyli \u00f6nc\u0259ki Yu\u015fenko d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 d\u0259 bu istiqam\u0259td\u0259 he\u00e7 bir i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u0259mi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2014-c\u00fc ilin aprelind\u0259 Ali Rada \u201cUkraynan\u0131n m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 sistemin\u0259 etimad\u0131n b\u0259rpas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanun q\u0259bul etdi (RADA, 2014). Hakiml\u0259rin l\u00fcstrasiyas\u0131 hesab olunan bu prosesd\u0259 \u0259sas m\u0259qs\u0259d m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 q\u0259rarlar\u0131n\u0131, insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 sah\u0259sind\u0259 Ukrayna qanunvericiliyini v\u0259 onlar\u0131n beyn\u0259lxalq normalara uy\u011funlu\u011funu m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k idi. H\u0259min ilin oktyabr\u0131nda is\u0259 \u201cHakimiyy\u0259tin safla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda\u201d Qanun q\u0259bul edildi (RADA, 2014). Ukrayna bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin konsolidasiyas\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259vv\u0259lki avtoritar rejimin f\u0259aliyy\u0259tiyl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 neqativ n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kimi yana\u015fd\u0131. H\u0259min qanun hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 etimad\u0131 b\u0259rpa etm\u0259k v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n Avropa standartlar\u0131na uy\u011fun sistemini qurmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn uy\u011fun \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r formala\u015fd\u0131rma\u011f\u0131 h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259yirdi, ke\u00e7mi\u015f m\u0259murlara v\u0259 onlar\u0131n d\u0259st\u0259k\u00e7il\u0259rin\u0259 10 il \u0259rzind\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t sektorunda v\u0259 yerli \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcidar\u0259etm\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u011f\u0131 qada\u011fan edirdi. Bu qada\u011fa h\u0259m Sovet d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 2010-14-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 Yanukovi\u00e7 hakimiyy\u0259tind\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259 tutan \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r\u0259, Meydan hadis\u0259l\u0259ri zaman\u0131 insan h\u00fcquq v\u0259 azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n pozan \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r\u0259 \u015famil edilirdi. H\u0259min l\u00fcstrasiya prosesinin n\u0259tic\u0259si 2022-ci ilin\u00a0 fevral\u0131nda – Rusiyan\u0131n h\u00fccumuna qar\u015f\u0131 Ukrayna hakimiyy\u0259tinin, ordusunu v\u0259 xalq\u0131n\u0131n birliyind\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc. Rusiya Ukraynan\u0131n siyasi hakimiyy\u0259tind\u0259 v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurumlar\u0131nda par\u00e7alanma yarada bilm\u0259di, \u00e7\u00fcnki ciddi t\u0259mizl\u0259m\u0259 apar\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Amma 2014-c\u00fc ild\u0259 K\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n i\u015f\u011fal edilm\u0259sin\u0259, Donetsk v\u0259 Luqanskda ba\u015f ver\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 Ukraynan\u0131n \u00e7ar\u0259sizliyind\u0259 m\u0259hz bu faktor ciddi rol oynad\u0131. O c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n \u201cBerkut\u201dun Maydandak\u0131 dinc insanlara at\u0259\u015f a\u00e7mas\u0131 da ke\u00e7mi\u015f nomenklaturayla ba\u011fl\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Az\u0259rbaycan t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nT\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcf ki, Az\u0259rbaycanda M\u0259rk\u0259zi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259ki kimi qanunla t\u0259nziml\u0259n\u0259n sistemli bir l\u00fcstrasiya prosesi ba\u015f verm\u0259di. 1992-1993-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 – Az\u0259rbaycan Xalq C\u0259bh\u0259sinin (AXC) hakimiyy\u0259ti d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 sistematik xarakter almayan; h\u0259rd\u0259n siyasi b\u0259yanatlar, h\u0259rd\u0259n d\u0259 qapal\u0131 m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 xaotik kadr d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259ri s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 ger\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259m\u0259xsus “Az\u0259rbaycan t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si”nd\u0259 (v\u0259 ya u\u011fursuzluq n\u00fcmun\u0259sind\u0259) l\u00fcstrasiyan\u0131n sad\u0259c\u0259 i\u015fart\u0131lar\u0131 olub (Audrey L. Altstadt, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bunun s\u0259b\u0259bi \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 yeni parlament se\u00e7kil\u0259rinin ke\u00e7irilm\u0259m\u0259si, qanunverici orqanda (Milli M\u0259clisd\u0259) q\u0259rarlar\u0131 q\u0259bul ed\u0259n 50 n\u0259f\u0259rlik “Milli \u015eura” fraksiyas\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131 v\u0259 h\u0259min qrupda g\u00fccl\u0259r nisb\u0259tinin, y\u0259ni postsovet nomenklaturayla c\u0259bh\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rin b\u0259rab\u0259r sayda (25\\25) olmalar\u0131 idi.\u00a0 Kommunist elitas\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri onlar\u0131n intihar\u0131 anlam\u0131na g\u0259l\u0259n\u00a0l\u00fcstrasiya ideyas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0259r v\u0259chl\u0259 bloklay\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
AXC-nin hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259ldiyi 1992-ci ild\u0259 \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck m\u00fczakir\u0259 m\u00f6vzular\u0131ndan biri ke\u00e7mi\u015f DTK arxivl\u0259rinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 idi. C\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 kimin agent, kimin satq\u0131n olmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ciddi sor\u011fulama var idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancaq AXC r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi (x\u00fcsusil\u0259 \u0259sas \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r) arxivl\u0259rin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259leyhin\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131lar. Onlar\u0131n arqumentin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Qaraba\u011fda m\u00fcharib\u0259 getdiyi bir vaxtda arxivl\u0259rin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 c\u0259miyy\u0259ti daxild\u0259n par\u00e7alaya, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f m\u00fcharib\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b ola bil\u0259rdi. \u00c7\u00fcnki agent \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7ox sayda tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ziyal\u0131, din xadimi v\u0259 siyasi fiqurlar daxil idi. Arxivl\u0259rin qapal\u0131 qalmas\u0131 faktiki olaraq l\u00fcstrasiyan\u0131n b\u00fcn\u00f6vr\u0259d\u0259n r\u0259dd edilm\u0259si dem\u0259k oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
El\u00e7ib\u0259yin “milli bar\u0131\u015f\u0131q” siyas\u0259ti<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nPrezident \u018fb\u00fclf\u0259z El\u00e7ib\u0259y t\u0259bi\u0259t\u0259n repressiv v\u0259 radikal metodlar\u0131n \u0259leyhin\u0259 idi. O, post-kommunist elitas\u0131n\u0131 tamamil\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n elan etm\u0259k \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259, onlar\u0131 yeni m\u00fcst\u0259qil d\u00f6vl\u0259tin quruculu\u011funa c\u0259lb etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Onda El\u00e7ib\u0259y onlar\u0131 c\u0259zaland\u0131rmaq yox, “ke\u00e7mi\u015fi unudub g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259y\u0259 baxmaq” formulas\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7di v\u0259 bu, r\u0259smi s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rd\u0259 l\u00fcstrasiyan\u0131n he\u00e7 ad\u0131n\u0131n bel\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kilm\u0259m\u0259siyl\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ndi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Y\u0259ni 1992-1993-c\u00fc ill\u0259r Az\u0259rbaycan t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si “l\u00fcstrasiyas\u0131zl\u0131q t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si”dir. K\u00f6hn\u0259 elita sistemd\u0259n h\u00fcquqi olaraq t\u0259crid edilm\u0259diyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn 1993-c\u00fc ilin iyun b\u00f6hran\u0131nda h\u0259min nomenklatura v\u0259 x\u00fcsusi xidm\u0259t \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si \u00e7ox rahatl\u0131qla konsolidasiya olunaraq hakimiyy\u0259ti yenid\u0259n \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irdi v\u0259 \u00f6z siyasi revan\u015f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Politoloq Samuel Huntinqton \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dal\u011fa: 20-ci \u0259srin sonunda demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259\u201d kitab\u0131nda qeyd edir ki, l\u00fcstrasiya q\u0259ra\u0131 demokratiyaya ke\u00e7\u0259n c\u0259miyy\u0259tin tipi il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259dir; qeyd edir ki, bu prosesd\u0259 \u0259sas rolu \u0259vv\u0259lki elita v\u0259 m\u00fcxalif\u0259t oynay\u0131r. T\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesind\u0259 hakim v\u0259 m\u00fcxalif qruplar\u0131n roluna g\u00f6r\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7 tip \u00f6lk\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir (Samuel Huntinqton, 1991):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Hakim elita demokratiya qurmaqla t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fc \u0259la al\u0131r v\u0259 ard\u0131nca rejimin transformasiyas\u0131n\u0131 realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r (Macar\u0131stan v\u0259 Bolqar\u0131stan n\u00fcmun\u0259si).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. M\u00fcxalif qruplar\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti \u0259la ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 avtoritar rejim da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r v\u0259 ya devrilir, n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 yerd\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259 ba\u015f verir (\u015e\u0259rqi Almaniya v\u0259 Rumuniya n\u00fcmun\u0259si).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. Demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tin v\u0259 m\u00fcxalif qruplar\u0131n birg\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 yaran\u0131r (Pol\u015fa v\u0259 \u00c7exoslovakiya n\u00fcmun\u0259si).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Huntinqtona g\u00f6r\u0259, ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259tin\u0259 dair t\u0259dbirl\u0259r o \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur ki, siyasi idar\u0259\u00e7ilikd\u0259 \u0259v\u0259zetm\u0259, yerd\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259 ba\u015f verir. Y\u0259ni \u0259vv\u0259lki elita \u00f6z irad\u0259si \u0259leyhin\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259n uzaqla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Qalan hallarda \u0259vv\u0259lki kommunist r\u0259hb\u0259rlik ya \u00f6z\u00fc islahat prosesin\u0259 t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs edib, ya da m\u00fcxalif\u0259tl\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlara ged\u0259r\u0259k \u00f6z\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u201cba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmaq v\u0259 unudulmaq\u201d tendensiyas\u0131 \u0259ld\u0259 edib.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dig\u0259r t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131 Hilda Vel\u015f vur\u011fulay\u0131r ki, ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259tin\u0259 aid t\u0259dbirl\u0259rd\u0259 u\u011fur v\u0259 ya u\u011fursuzluq siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rd\u0259n – y\u0259ni post-kommunist d\u00f6vrd\u0259 meydanda olan siyasi q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fcnd\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u018fsas m\u0259qam budur ki, ke\u00e7mi\u015f elitan\u0131n n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 kompartiyan\u0131n siyasi varisl\u0259ri hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 qala bilirl\u0259rmi? Ke\u00e7mi\u015f kommunistl\u0259rin elektorial g\u00fcc\u00fc n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r z\u0259ifdirs\u0259, dekommunizasiya prosesi o q\u0259d\u0259r tez s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259nmi\u015f olur. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Macar\u0131standa 1994-98, 2002-2010, Litvada 1992-96, Pol\u015fada 1993-97, Rum\u0131niyada 1990-96, 2000-2004-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 islahatlara ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f hakimiyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259\u00a0 ke\u00e7mi\u015f kommunistl\u0259r olub. Dekommunizasiya prosesind\u0259 onlar u\u011furla \u0259ks m\u00f6vqed\u0259 dura bilibl\u0259r (Helga A. Welsh, 1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131 Con Moran m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni Herbert Xhir\u015fman\u0131n terminl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u015f\u0259rh edir, vur\u011fulay\u0131r ki, post-kommunist d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli m\u0259qam ke\u00e7mi\u015fl\u0259 hesabla\u015fma t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin\u0259 dair \u201cs\u0259s\u201d (protest) v\u0259 \u201c\u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u201d (emiqrasiya) faktorlar\u0131d\u0131r. Onun m\u0259ntiqin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, hans\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 kommunist rejim prosesl\u0259r\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n liberal yana\u015f\u0131b, etirazlara icaz\u0259 verib v\u0259 xaric\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f imkanlar\u0131 qal\u0131bsa, orda ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259tiyl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 yum\u015faq t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin q\u0259bulu ehtimal\u0131 y\u00fcks\u0259k olub (Pol\u015fa, Macar\u0131stan). Harda ki buna imkan verilm\u0259yib (Bolqar\u0131stan, \u00c7exoslovakiya, \u015e\u0259rqi Almaniya), orada ke\u00e7mi\u015fl\u0259 hesabla\u015fma t\u0259dbirl\u0259rinin q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si daha s\u0259rt \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259b olunub (Con Moran, 1994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Laviniya Stan is\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa v\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u0259dqiqat\u0131nda vur\u011fulay\u0131r ki, kommunist rejimd\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 ideoloji s\u0259rtlik v\u0259 repressiya yoluyla idar\u0259 olunursa, ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259ti t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri daha radikal olur (\u00c7exiya, \u015e\u0259rqi Almaniya, Estoniya, Latviya, Litva). \u018fm\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131\u011fa v\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n islahatlara yol a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 (Pol\u015fa, Macar\u0131stan) proses nisb\u0259t\u0259n yum\u015faq gedir. Dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n, hans\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 ki, m\u00fcxalif\u0259t \u00e7ox z\u0259if olur, orda ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259tinin realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox az impuls m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilir (Laviniya Stan, 2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7exiya v\u0259 Slovakiyadak\u0131 prosesl\u0259ri ara\u015fd\u0131rm\u0131\u015f Nadya Nadelski kommunist sistemin legitimlik s\u0259viyy\u0259si il\u0259 ke\u00e7id \u0259d\u0259l\u0259tin\u0259 dair t\u0259dbirl\u0259r aras\u0131nda bel\u0259 korellyasiya m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir: \u201c\u018fvv\u0259lki rejimin legitimliyi c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r y\u00fcks\u0259kdirs\u0259, toplumun hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259t m\u00fchakim\u0259sin\u0259 nail olmaq motivasiyas\u0131 o q\u0259d\u0259r a\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu o dem\u0259kdir ki, c\u0259miyy\u0259t \u0259vv\u0259lki elitan\u0131n siyasi s\u0259hn\u0259y\u0259 qay\u0131tmas\u0131na icaz\u0259 ver\u0259c\u0259k. Ke\u00e7id d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 onun bar\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259t m\u00fchakim\u0259sin\u0259 x\u00fcsusi meyilli olmayacaq\u201d (Nadya Nedelsky, 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Post-kommunist transformasiyan\u0131n t\u0259hlili g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259tin\u0259 dair t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin q\u0259bulu v\u0259 realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u0259n az iki faktorun m\u00f6vcud olmas\u0131n\u0131 dikt\u0259 edir: birincisi, funksional demokratik institutlar\u0131n m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu, azad v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli se\u00e7kil\u0259r yolu il\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259t d\u0259yi\u015fikliyinin t\u0259minat\u0131; ikincisi, t\u0259sirli siyasi q\u00fcvv\u0259nin m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu, kontr-elitan\u0131n v\u0259 l\u00fcstrasiyan\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n siyasil\u0259rin \u00f6n\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131, m\u00fcvafiq qanunun q\u0259buluna yet\u0259c\u0259k q\u0259d\u0259r say\u0131n konsolidasiyas\u0131na nail olunmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rusiyan\u0131n v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan da daxil, dig\u0259r postsovet \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259sind\u0259n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, yegan\u0259 faktor hakimiyy\u0259t d\u0259yi\u015fikliyinin se\u00e7ki yolu il\u0259 ba\u015f tutmamas\u0131 deyil. Bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259ti t\u0259dbirl\u0259rind\u0259 maraql\u0131 olan siyasi q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259 yaranmay\u0131b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu t\u0259dbirl\u0259r\u0259 dair elmi, siyasi t\u0259dqiqatlar g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, l\u00fcstrasiyan\u0131n c\u0259miyy\u0259tin demokratik konsolidasiyas\u0131na v\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259t institutlar\u0131na etimada t\u0259sirl\u0259ri b\u00f6y\u00fckd\u00fcr. Bunun m\u0259ntiqi davam\u0131 olaraq dey\u0259 bil\u0259rik ki, l\u00fcstrasiya n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u0259hat\u0259li v\u0259 siyasi c\u0259zalar n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r s\u0259rt olsa, demokratiyan\u0131n s\u0259viyy\u0259si bir o q\u0259d\u0259r y\u00fcks\u0259k olar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Postsovet sisteminin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan 35 il ke\u00e7s\u0259 d\u0259, \u00f6lk\u0259mizd\u0259, Rusiyada v\u0259 dig\u0259r respublikalarda (Erm\u0259nistan xaric) totalitar rejimin repressiv institutlar\u0131na d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck v\u0259 cinay\u0259td\u0259 i\u015ftirakla ba\u011fl\u0131 kadr m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tinin yoxlu\u011fu t\u0259dric\u0259n sovet d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn zorak\u0131 t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259sinin b\u0259rpas\u0131na xidm\u0259t etdi. L\u00fcstrasiyadan v\u0259 ba\u015fqa t\u0259dbirl\u0259rd\u0259n imtina ona g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131 ki, hakimiyy\u0259tin v\u0259 mal-m\u00fclk\u00fcn \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli hiss\u0259si ke\u00e7mi\u015f nomenklaturan\u0131n \u0259lind\u0259 qald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin u\u011furlu demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si fonunda Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n v\u0259 dig\u0259r postsovet \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin neqativ t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si ayd\u0131n g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, ciddi institusional islahatlar olmadan, \u0259vv\u0259lki rejimin b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131na aid arxivl\u0259r tamamil\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131lmadan v\u0259 ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259tin\u0259 dair dig\u0259r t\u0259dbirl\u0259r olmadan totalitarizmd\u0259n v\u0259 avtoritarizmd\u0259n demokratiya ke\u00e7id \u00e7\u0259tin ki, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yuxar\u0131da da qeyd etdiyim kimi, 91-ci ild\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qillik \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259mizd\u0259 n\u0259 demokratik se\u00e7kil\u0259r yoluyla hakimiyy\u0259t d\u0259yi\u015fikliyin\u0259 t\u0259minat yarad\u0131ld\u0131, n\u0259 d\u0259 funksional demokratik institutlar formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. T\u0259sirli siyasi q\u00fcvv\u0259 (AXC) v\u0259 kontr-elita olsa da, l\u00fcstrasiyan\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n siyasil\u0259r \u00f6n\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xmad\u0131, h\u0259tta m\u00fcvafiq qanunun q\u0259bulu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r konsolidasiya c\u0259hdl\u0259ri d\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rilm\u0259di.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Ali Sovet\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259n sonra \u00e7oxluq komunistl\u0259rd\u0259 idi. 50 n\u0259f\u0259rlik Milli \u015eura (\u201cDemblok\u201d) siyasi q\u0259rarlara t\u0259sir g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u0259 malik q\u00fcvv\u0259 olsa da, parlamentd\u0259 l\u00fcstrasiya t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn q\u0259rar q\u0259bul etdir\u0259c\u0259k q\u0259d\u0259r g\u00fccl\u00fc deyildi v\u0259 ya he\u00e7 \u00f6zl\u0259rinin d\u0259 bel\u0259 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259si yox idi. 91-ci ild\u0259 prezident elan edil\u0259n ke\u00e7mi\u015f birinci katib Ayaz M\u00fct\u0259llibovun komandas\u0131 da ke\u00e7mi\u015f elita idi. 92-ci ild\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n El\u00e7ib\u0259y komandas\u0131 da ke\u00e7mi\u015f elitan\u0131 t\u0259mizl\u0259y\u0259 bilm\u0259di, ya da bunu \u00f6zl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn riskli hesab etdil\u0259r. Onlar\u0131 n\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n uzaqla\u015fd\u0131ra, n\u0259 arxivl\u0259ri a\u00e7a, n\u0259 d\u0259 El\u00e7ib\u0259yin reytinqinin y\u00fcks\u0259k d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Ali Soveti burax\u0131b yeni parlament se\u00e7kil\u0259ri ke\u00e7ir\u0259 bildil\u0259r. He\u00e7 konstitusion reformlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 add\u0131mlar ata bilm\u0259dil\u0259r. Burda obyektiv (Qaraba\u011f m\u00fcharib\u0259si) v\u0259 subyektiv (vizyonlar\u0131, ist\u0259kl\u0259ri) s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259r\u0259 toxunmadan faktiki durumu t\u0259svir edir\u0259m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 El\u00e7ib\u0259y hakimiyy\u0259ti kommunist revan\u015f\u0131 (hans\u0131 ki, demokratiyaya ke\u00e7idd\u0259 \u0259sas t\u0259hdidl\u0259rd\u0259n biridir) il\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015fdi v\u0259 g\u00f6zl\u0259nildiyi kimi, bu revan\u015fa haz\u0131rl\u0131q SSR\u0130 Kommunist Partiyas\u0131 Siyasi B\u00fcrosunun \u00fczv\u00fc olmu\u015f DTK general\u0131 Heyd\u0259r \u018fliyevin 92-ci ild\u0259 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 YAP-\u0131n t\u0259sisi (ke\u00e7mi\u015f elitadan olan 91-l\u0259rin t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fc) il\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. 1993-c\u00fc ild\u0259ki iyun qiyam\u0131nda Sur\u0259t H\u00fcseynovun r\u0259hb\u0259rlik etdiyi h\u0259rbi hiss\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259t b\u00f6hran\u0131 yaratd\u0131. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 \u018fliyev v\u0259 H\u00fcseynovun timsal\u0131nda ke\u00e7mi\u015f kompartiya, KGB, QRU elitas\u0131 konsolidasiya olunaraq ilk etapda parlament r\u0259hb\u0259rliyini (orada legitim dayaqlar\u0131 g\u00fccl\u00fc idi), sonra is\u0259 b\u00fct\u00f6v hakimiyy\u0259ti \u201cg\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u201d. Demokratiyaya ilk v\u0259 yegan\u0259 ke\u00e7id \u015fans\u0131 olan iqtidar\u0131n ke\u00e7id \u0259dal\u0259tin\u0259 dair he\u00e7 bir i\u015f g\u00f6rm\u0259m\u0259si hakimiyy\u0259ti v\u0259 s\u0259rv\u0259ti ke\u00e7mi\u015f elitan\u0131n \u0259lind\u0259 toplad\u0131. Sonra da 2003-c\u00fc ild\u0259 varislik yolu il\u0259 atadan o\u011fula \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Kompartiya elitas\u0131n\u0131 komsomol\u00e7ular \u0259v\u0259zl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bunun n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259 totalitarizmdan demokratiya ke\u00e7id ba\u015f tutmad\u0131. \u018fksin\u0259, avtoritarizm daha da g\u00fccl\u0259ndi v\u0259 faktiki \u201ct\u0259k adam\u201d rejimi formala\u015fd\u0131. Bu rejim s\u0259l\u0259fl\u0259rinin f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini sad\u0259c\u0259 yeni adda v\u0259 formada, lakin eyni mahiyy\u0259tli \u00fcsulla davam edir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 bu proses milli qurtulu\u015f deyil. Ona ke\u00e7mi\u015f repressiv rejimin, kommunist elitan\u0131n \u201crevan\u015f\u0131\u201d dem\u0259k h\u0259r bax\u0131mdan do\u011frudur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
El\u00e7ib\u0259y hakimiyy\u0259ti d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 demokratiyaya ke\u00e7idin tamamlanmamas\u0131 v\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f kommunistl\u0259rin yenid\u0259n hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 qay\u0131d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ictimai r\u0259yd\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259yl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 negativ fikirl\u0259ri art\u0131rd\u0131; v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fa xeyir g\u0259tirm\u0259y\u0259n d\u00f6vl\u0259tin idar\u0259etm\u0259sind\u0259 onun irad\u0259sinin he\u00e7 bir rolunun olmamas\u0131; d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 v\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259t\u0259, se\u00e7kili institutlara etimad\u0131n q\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kimi t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcrl\u0259r qal\u0131c\u0131 xarakter ald\u0131. Eyni zamanda, m\u00fcxalif siyasi q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 (h\u0259m hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 olduqlar\u0131 92-93-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 ondan sonra demokratiyaya ke\u00e7id \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ciddi ad\u0131mlar ata bilm\u0259dikl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259) birm\u0259nal\u0131 olmayan fikirl\u0259r, etimas\u0131zl\u0131q v\u0259 s. faktorlarla ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnki m\u00fcxalif q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin \u0259sas elitas\u0131 da 93-d\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259lki demokratik q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r hesab olunan c\u0259miyy\u0259tin t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 \u201cT\u0259k adam\u201d rejimi yeni siyasi n\u0259sl\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u0259 bu q\u0259d\u0259r xoflu yana\u015f\u0131r v\u0259 he\u00e7 bir f\u00fcrs\u0259t p\u0259nc\u0259r\u0259sinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na imkan vermir. Lakin yuxar\u0131da qeyd etdiyim kimi, c\u0259miyy\u0259ti iki \u0259sas faktordan biri olan demokratiyaya ke\u00e7id \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn konsolidasiya etm\u0259k v\u0259 siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc formala\u015fd\u0131rmaq i\u015fin\u0259 \u201cRespublika\u201d\u00e7\u0131 t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fcm\u00fczl\u0259 davam etm\u0259liyik. Repressiv rejimd\u0259n qurtulma\u011f\u0131n yolu psixoloji davan\u0131 udmaq, m\u00fcqavim\u0259ti davam etdirm\u0259kd\u0259n ke\u00e7ir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n