<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6t\u0259n il\u0259 aid korrupsiya indeksind\u0259 Botsvana 35-ci yeri tutur<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bel\u0259 bir deyim var ki, co\u011frafiya q\u0259d\u0259rdir. \u018fks\u0259riyy\u0259t bununla raz\u0131la\u015f\u0131r, amma etiraz ed\u0259nl\u0259r d\u0259 var. \u0130kincil\u0259r iki Koreyan\u0131, Yax\u0131n \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259 yegan\u0259 demokratiya olan \u0130sraili \u0259ks-arqument kimi g\u00f6st\u0259rirl\u0259r. M\u0259nim fikrimc\u0259, co\u011frafiya h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n q\u0259d\u0259rdir, amma m\u00fctl\u0259q deyil, d\u0259yi\u015fdirilm\u0259si m\u00fcmk\u00fcn q\u0259d\u0259rdir. Bel\u0259 n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 Afrikan\u0131n c\u0259nubunda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Botsvanad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6lk\u0259 2021-ci ilin demokratiya indeksind\u0259 10 ball\u0131q \u015fkala \u00fczr\u0259 7,73 bal toplayaraq d\u00fcnyada 30-cu yeri tutub. Ondan yuxar\u0131da \u00c7exiya, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da is\u0259 \u0130taliyad\u0131r. 2022-ci il\u0259 aid hesabatda g\u00f6st\u0259rici d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259z qal\u0131b. \u00d6t\u0259n il\u0259 aid korrupsiya indeksind\u0259 Botsvana 35-ci yeri tutur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u0259s nec\u0259 olub ki, ad\u0131 \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259nd\u0259 a\u011f\u0131la ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 diktatura, \u00e7evrili\u015f, h\u0259rbi xunta, korrupsiya g\u0259l\u0259n Afrikada bel\u0259 bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t formala\u015f\u0131b?<\/p>\n\n\n\n ***<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130ndi Bostvana adlanan \u00f6lk\u0259nin yerl\u0259\u015fdiyi \u0259razid\u0259 m\u0259skunla\u015fan tsvana tayfalar\u0131n\u0131n r\u0259hb\u0259rl\u0259ri XIX \u0259srin sonlar\u0131nda xarici t\u0259hdidl\u0259r qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda B\u00f6y\u00fck Britaniyaya m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259r\u0259k himay\u0259 alt\u0131na al\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131 ist\u0259dil\u0259r. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 1885-ci ilin mart\u0131nda Be\u00e7uanalend protektoratl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarad\u0131ld\u0131. Qurum m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259 deyildi, amma 1891-ci ild\u0259n C\u0259nubi Afrikan\u0131n ali komissar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n idar\u0259 edildiyind\u0259n m\u00fcst\u0259qil say\u0131lm\u0131rd\u0131. Paytaxt\u0131 Mafikenq \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Protektorat sonradan iki yer\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc: \u015fimal hiss\u0259si el\u0259 protektorat kimi qald\u0131, c\u0259nub hiss\u0259si is\u0259 Mafikenq \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 Kap koloniyas\u0131na birl\u0259\u015fdirildi. Buna baxmayaraq, Be\u00e7uanalend yen\u0259 Mafikenqd\u0259n idar\u0259 olunurdu. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, maraql\u0131 v\u0259ziyy\u0259t yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131 ki, protektorat\u0131n paytaxt\u0131 \u00f6z \u0259razisind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fmirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u0259hz Be\u00e7uanalend kimi qalan \u015fimal hiss\u0259sind\u0259 1966-c\u0131 ild\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil Botsvana Respublikas\u0131 yarad\u0131ld\u0131 (c\u0259nub hiss\u0259 C\u0259nubi Afrika Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259rkibind\u0259dir). \u00d6z\u00fc d\u0259 bu zaman h\u0259r hans\u0131 silahl\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259si olmad\u0131, ola bil\u0259r, d\u00f6vl\u0259tin ilk xo\u015fb\u0259xtliyi d\u0259 bundad\u0131r. Ad\u0259t\u0259n silahl\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 q\u0259hr\u0259manlar\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 h\u0259rbi q\u0259nim\u0259t kimi bax\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130kinci xo\u015fb\u0259xtliyinin ad\u0131 is\u0259 Seretse Khama idi. 1921-ci ild\u0259 anadan olan bu adam \u00fc\u00e7 \u0259sas tsvana tayfalar\u0131ndan biri olan bamanqvato tayfas\u0131n\u0131n h\u00f6kmdar\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259v\u0259si idi. C\u0259nubi Afrika Birliyind\u0259 (g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k C\u0259nubi Afrika Respublikas\u0131) v\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Britaniyada h\u00fcquq t\u0259hsili alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eahzad\u0259nin 1948-ci ild\u0259 Londonda Rut Uilyams adl\u0131 a\u011fd\u0259rili qad\u0131nla evl\u0259nm\u0259si h\u0259m bamanqvato daxilind\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq miqyasda g\u0259rginlik yaratd\u0131. Birincisi daha tez h\u0259ll oldu: Rutun Be\u00e7uanalend\u0259 g\u0259li\u015fi son ill\u0259rin \u0259n ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 m\u00f6vs\u00fcm\u00fcn\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcf etdi. Tayfa \u00fczvl\u0259ri bunu yax\u015f\u0131 \u0259lam\u0259t hesab edib g\u0259linin a\u011f olmas\u0131 il\u0259 bar\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Beyn\u0259lxalq g\u0259rginlik is\u0259 el\u0259 h\u0259min 1948-ci ild\u0259 C\u0259nubi Afrika Birliyind\u0259 t\u0259tbiq edil\u0259n aparteidd\u0259n do\u011furdu. C\u0259nubi Afrika h\u00f6kum\u0259ti Britaniya h\u00f6kum\u0259tind\u0259n bu nikah\u0131n pozulmas\u0131n\u0131 ist\u0259di. O zaman \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn atom bombas\u0131n\u0131 yaratma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Londonun ucuz CAB uran\u0131na ehtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif irq\u0259 m\u0259nsub olmalar\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n iki n\u0259f\u0259rin evliliyin\u0259 mane olmaq kimi biab\u0131r\u00e7\u0131 m\u00f6vqe tutdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Serestse Khama 1950-ci ilin mart\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar aparmaq b\u0259han\u0259si il\u0259 Londona \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 v\u0259 ona \u00f6lk\u0259sin\u0259 qay\u0131tmaq icaz\u0259si verilm\u0259di. 1951-ci il se\u00e7kil\u0259rind\u0259n sonra hakimiyy\u0259t d\u0259yi\u015fs\u0259 d\u0259, v\u0259ziyy\u0259t d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259di. \u015eahzad\u0259ni \u00f6lk\u0259sin\u0259 buraxmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 Ettli h\u00f6kum\u0259tini t\u0259nqid ed\u0259n Uinston \u00c7\u00f6r\u00e7ill \u00f6z\u00fc ba\u015f nazir olduqda da eyni c\u00fcr davrand\u0131. Yaln\u0131z Be\u00e7uanalendda getdikc\u0259 artan etirazlar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Seretse 1956-c\u0131 ild\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nin\u0259 d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n O, 1961-ci ild\u0259 Demokrat Partiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoydu. Partiya 1965-ci ild\u0259, h\u0259l\u0259 protektoratl\u0131q d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n ilk se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 b\u00f6yk u\u011fur qazand\u0131 \u2013 parlamentd\u0259ki 31 mandatdan 28-\u0259 yiy\u0259l\u0259ndi. 1966-c\u0131 il sentyabr\u0131n 30-da Botsvanan\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyi elan olundu v\u0259 Khama parlament t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n prezident se\u00e7ildi. El\u0259 h\u0259min g\u00fcn Konstitusiya q\u00fcvv\u0259y\u0259 mindi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ***<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yeni m\u00fcst\u0259qil \u00f6lk\u0259nin perspektivl\u0259ri he\u00e7 d\u0259 \u00fcr\u0259ka\u00e7an g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcrd\u00fc. Botsvana d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u0259n kas\u0131b \u00f6lk\u0259si say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Onun \u0259razisinin 70 faizini s\u0259hral\u0131q t\u0259\u015fkil edir. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 12 km asfalt yol, 22 ali savadl\u0131 v\u0259 100-d\u0259n az orta savadl\u0131 adam vard\u0131. H\u0259tta, dediyim kimi, paytaxt\u0131 yox idi. Yaln\u0131z 1965-ci il\u0259 Qabarone k\u0259ndi yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda eyniadl\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r salma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qillik qazanandan sonra paytaxt oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u0259naye, dem\u0259k olar, yox idi, k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 ibtidai s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 idi. Su \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131, buna g\u00f6r\u0259 heyvandarl\u0131\u011fa \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verilirdi. \u00d6lk\u0259nin d\u0259niz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131 da m\u00f6vcud deyildi. \u018fhali arxaik adland\u0131r\u0131la bil\u0259c\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131rd\u0131. Adamba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n \u00dcDM 90 dollara yax\u0131n idi. Bu g\u00f6st\u0259rici qon\u015fu Zimbabved\u0259 277$, d\u00fcnyada 627$ idi. Orta \u00f6m\u00fcr h\u0259ddi 53 il idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 614 min adam\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 9 orta m\u0259kt\u0259b vard\u0131. \u018fhalinin yaln\u0131z 2 faizinin ibtidai t\u0259hsil\u0259 malik idi. 1968-ci ild\u0259 28 x\u0259st\u0259xana vard\u0131. Yaln\u0131z 9 faizi \u015f\u0259h\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015fayan \u0259halinin 47652 n\u0259f\u0259rin\u0259 bir doktor d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. M\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin ilk ill\u0259rind\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t x\u0259rcl\u0259rinin 60 faizini beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6rt\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Amma b\u00fct\u00fcn bu handikaplar\u0131n \u0259v\u0259zind\u0259 Botsvanan\u0131n bir kompensasiyas\u0131 vard\u0131: hakimiyy\u0259tini deyil, d\u00f6vl\u0259tini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259n m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 malik prezident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ***<\/p>\n\n\n\n O zaman soyuq m\u00fcharib\u0259 \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 SSR\u0130 v\u0259 Q\u0259rb d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00f6qt\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n Afrikada m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apar\u0131rd\u0131lar. Yerli diktatorlar da bundan istifad\u0259 edirdil\u0259r. Bir adamyey\u0259n diktator \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc marksist, m\u0259qs\u0259dinin sosializm qurmaq oldu\u011funu elan ed\u0259n kimi sosialist d\u00fc\u015f\u0259rg\u0259sind\u0259n pul, h\u0259rbi v\u0259 m\u00fclki texnika, yen\u0259 h\u0259rbi v\u0259 m\u00fclki m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 yard\u0131m al\u0131rd\u0131. Dig\u0259r adamyey\u0259n diktatorun \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc antikommunist elan etm\u0259si kifay\u0259t idi ki, h\u0259min \u015feyl\u0259ri Q\u0259rbd\u0259n als\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Seretse Khama is\u0259 diktatorluq yolunu tutmad\u0131. Onun t\u0259sis etdiyi Botsvana Demokrat Partiyas\u0131 (BDP) sosialisty\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fc olsa da, Afrikan\u0131n dig\u0259r \u201csosialist\u201dl\u0259rind\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq demokratiya yolunu tutdu. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7oxpartiyal\u0131 sistem, m\u00fcst\u0259qil m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259, azad m\u0259tbuat formala\u015fd\u0131. V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f azadl\u0131qlar\u0131 t\u0259min edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prezident a\u011fd\u0259rili \u0259haliy\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 repressiv siyas\u0259t y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u0259di. Halbuki bel\u0259 siyas\u0259t dig\u0259r Afrika \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri diktatorlar\u0131n \u0259n populist add\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biri idi. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, XXI \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 Zimbabved\u0259 Muqabe buna \u0259l atd\u0131, \u00f6lk\u0259ni \u0259rzaqla t\u0259min ed\u0259n a\u011f fermerl\u0259rin torpaqlar\u0131 \u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259n al\u0131nd\u0131, n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 aqrar sektor \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fc. Muqabed\u0259n 30 il \u0259vv\u0259l \u0130di Amin hindlil\u0259ri Uqandadan qovdu, n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 s\u0259naye v\u0259 ticar\u0259t sektoru \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fc. Khaman\u0131n is\u0259 bel\u0259 populizm\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131 yox idi. Mavi fon \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qara v\u0259 a\u011f zolaqlar\u0131n m\u00f6vcud oldu\u011fu \u00f6lk\u0259 bayra\u011f\u0131nda bel\u0259 bar\u0131\u015fc\u0131l siyas\u0259t \u0259ksini tapm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prezident iqtisadiyyat\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir s\u0131ra add\u0131mlar atd\u0131. Bu t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r effektli olaca\u011f\u0131 ayd\u0131n deyil, \u0259g\u0259r 1967-ci ild\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k keyfiyy\u0259tli almaz yata\u011f\u0131 (Orapa) tap\u0131lmasayd\u0131. M\u0259\u015fhur \u201cDe Beers\u201d almaz \u015firk\u0259ti il\u0259 Botsvana h\u00f6kum\u0259tinin birlikd\u0259 yaratd\u0131qlar\u0131 \u201cDebsvana\u201d \u015firk\u0259ti 1971-ci ild\u0259n Orapada almaz \u00e7\u0131xarma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Buradan g\u0259l\u0259n g\u0259lir iqtisadi probleml\u0259rin h\u0259lli v\u0259 sosial yard\u0131mlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn donor rolunu oynad\u0131. 1975-ci ild\u0259 Latlhakane, 1982-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 Cvanenq almaz yataqlar\u0131n\u0131n istismar\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131 (Cvanenq d\u00fcnyada \u0259n z\u0259ngin almaz yata\u011f\u0131d\u0131r; d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc yataq Damt\u015faa 2003-c\u00fc ild\u0259n istismar olunur).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bununla bel\u0259, Botsvan\u0131n dir\u00e7\u0259li\u015fini s\u0131rf almazlarla izah etm\u0259k do\u011fru deyil. Afrikada faydal\u0131 qaz\u0131nt\u0131larla z\u0259ngin, amma \u0259halisi dil\u0259n\u00e7i k\u00f6k\u00fcnd\u0259 ya\u015fayan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r az deyil. Bunun da s\u0259b\u0259bi siyasi qeyri-sabitlik, tez-tez ba\u015f ver\u0259n \u00e7evrili\u015fl\u0259r v\u0259 t\u00fc\u011fyan ed\u0259n korrupsiyad\u0131r. Amma Botsvanda bunlar\u0131n he\u00e7 biri yox idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prezident Khama korrupsiyaya il\u0259 s\u0259rt m\u00fcbaris\u0259 apar\u0131r, liberal iqtisadi siyas\u0259t y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 se\u00e7kil\u0259r azad v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli ke\u00e7irilir. Be\u015f il m\u00fcdd\u0259tin\u0259 se\u00e7il\u0259n parlament prezidenti se\u00e7ir. Amma dig\u0259r parlament respublikalar\u0131nda f\u0259rqli olaraq, Botsvanada ba\u015f nazir postu yoxdur, icra hakimiyy\u0259tinin ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 el\u0259 prezidentdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u018fvv\u0259lc\u0259 prezidentin t\u0259krar se\u00e7ilm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259t yox idi. Khama \u00f6z\u00fc daha 3 d\u0259f\u0259 prezident se\u00e7ildi. Sonuncu se\u00e7kid\u0259n 1 il sonra, 1980-ci ild\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259fat etdi. Onun yerin\u0259 ke\u00e7\u0259n Kvett Masire 18 il prezident oldu. Amma Konstitusiyaya 1997-ci ild\u0259 edil\u0259n d\u0259yi\u015fikliy\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, yaln\u0131z 10 il prezident olmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Botsvana demokratiyas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n q\u0259d\u0259r q\u00fcsurlu c\u0259h\u0259ti ke\u00e7iril\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 BDP-nin qalib g\u0259lm\u0259sidir. H\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd, bu, saxtakarl\u0131qla \u0259ld\u0259 olunmur. \u018fhali h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 h\u0259min partiyaya s\u0259s verir. Son d\u0259f\u0259 2019-cu ild\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 52,65% s\u0259s toplayan BDP 65 n\u0259f\u0259rlik parlamentd\u0259 38 yer\u0259 malikdir. \u018fsas m\u00fcxalif\u0259t koalisiyas\u0131 olan Demokratik D\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r \u00c7\u0259tirinin 15 mandat\u0131 var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bel\u0259 hal demokratik d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn arzulanan olmasa da, g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259mi\u015f hal da deyil. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u0130sve\u00e7d\u0259 sosial-demokrat partiyas\u0131 1936-1976-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 40 il fasil\u0259siz hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 olub. Yaponiyan\u0131n liberal-demokrat partiyas\u0131 1955-ci ild\u0259 yaranandan b\u0259ri 1993-1994, 2009-2012-ci ill\u0259r istisna olmaqla ya t\u0259kba\u015f\u0131na, ya da koalsiya il\u0259 iqtidardad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Botsvanan\u0131 dig\u0259r Afrika \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n f\u0259rql\u0259ndir\u0259n c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 h\u0259rbi q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 xeyli az v\u0259sait v\u0259 diqq\u0259t ayr\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin ilk ill\u0259rind\u0259n Seretse Khama ordu \u0259v\u0259vzin\u0259 t\u0259hsil\u0259 v\u0259 s\u0259hiyy\u0259y\u0259, inqtisadiyyata v\u0259sait ay\u0131rma\u011fa \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verir. 11 il \u0259rzind\u0259 he\u00e7 ordu yarad\u0131lmad\u0131. Yaln\u0131z qon\u015fu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 ged\u0259n m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259 i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u0259z\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 soxulmas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n 1977-ci ild\u0259 azsayl\u0131 h\u0259rbi q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r yarad\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Botsvana b\u00fcdc\u0259sinin \u0259sas donoralar\u0131ndan biri d\u0259 turizmdir. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 4 milli park v\u0259 7 qoruq var ki, \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259razisinin 17 faizini t\u0259\u015fkil edirl\u0259r. \u00dcDM-d\u0259 x\u00fcsusi \u00e7\u0259kisi getdikc\u0259 artan turizmin inki\u015faf\u0131nda Botsvanan\u0131n Afrikada \u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259siz \u00f6lk\u0259 olmas\u0131 x\u00fcsusi rol oynay\u0131r. Y\u0259qin buradak\u0131 safari turlar\u0131n\u0131n Afrikada \u0259n bahal\u0131 olmas\u0131 da bununla ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar \u201cBotsvana iqtisadi m\u00f6c\u00fcz\u0259si\u201dn\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. 1966-1997-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 iqtisadi art\u0131m h\u0259r il orta hesabla 9,2% t\u0259\u015fkil etdi. Yaln\u0131z 1997-ci ilin Asiya maliyy\u0259 b\u00f6hran\u0131 bu art\u0131m\u0131 azaltd\u0131. Son ill\u0259rd\u0259 art\u0131m t\u0259xmin\u0259n 5% t\u0259\u015fkil edir. B\u00fcdc\u0259 ili \u00e7ox vaxt profisitl\u0259 yekunla\u015f\u0131r. M\u00fcst\u0259qillik d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Botsvanada \u00dcDM 1500% art\u0131b v\u0259 adamba\u015f\u0131na 6,8 min dollar t\u0259\u015fkil edib.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Orta \u00f6m\u00fcr h\u0259ddi 70 ya\u015fa \u00e7at\u0131b. \u00d6z\u00fc d\u0259 bu g\u00f6st\u0259rici Botsvanan\u0131n Q\u0130\u00c7S-d\u0259n \u0259n \u00e7ox z\u0259r\u0259r g\u00f6r\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biri olmas\u0131na r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n \u0259ld\u0259 olunub. Burada i\u00e7m\u0259li su ehtiyac\u0131 tam t\u0259min olunub.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Botsvana probleml\u0259rd\u0259n d\u0259 xali deyil. \u0130qtisadiyyat\u0131n \u015fax\u0259l\u0259ndirilm\u0259si \u0259sas v\u0259zif\u0259 kimi qal\u0131r. \u0130xrac\u0131n 75 faizini almazlar t\u0259\u015fkil edir. B\u00fcdc\u0259 g\u0259lirl\u0259rinin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7oxunu t\u0259min ed\u0259n bu sah\u0259d\u0259 el\u0259 d\u0259 \u00e7ox adam i\u015fl\u0259mir. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 i\u015fsizlik s\u0259viyy\u0259si 2021-ci ild\u0259 24,5 faiz\u0259 \u00e7at\u0131b. \u00d6t\u0259n il Botsvana m\u0259tbuat azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 indeksind\u0259 57 pill\u0259 geril\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k 95-ci yer\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Amma bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r n\u00f6qsanlara baxmayaraq, Botsvana n\u00fcmun\u0259si m\u0259qal\u0259nin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259 ifad\u0259 etdiyim q\u0259na\u0259ti bir daha t\u0259sdiq edir: co\u011frafiya d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259z q\u0259d\u0259r deyil.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00d6t\u0259n il\u0259 aid korrupsiya indeksind\u0259 Botsvana 35-ci yeri tutur Bel\u0259 … <\/p>\n