(Birinci yaz\u0131)
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H\u00fcquq v\u0259 h\u00fcquq f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259si
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Uzun ill\u0259rdir ki, Az\u0259rbaycan h\u00fcququnun f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259sini anlama\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ram. H\u00fcquqdan da art\u0131q ya\u015f\u0131 olan h\u00fcquq f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259si ictimai-iqtisadi formasiyalar\u0131n s\u00fczg\u0259cind\u0259n ke\u00e7ib bu g\u00fcn\u0259 g\u0259lib \u00e7\u0131x\u0131b v\u0259 sonsuz sabaha do\u011fru add\u0131mlay\u0131r.
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\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f h\u00fcquq f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259si h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 antik d\u00f6vr\u00fcn ideyalar\u0131n\u0131 (azadl\u0131q, b\u0259rab\u0259rlik, demokratiya, h\u00fcquq d\u00f6vl\u0259ti v\u0259 s.) dart\u0131\u015fmaqla m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olsa da, bu ideyalar\u0131 \u0259sas\u0259n ger\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259 bilmi\u015f d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin h\u00fcququ m\u0259hz o ideyalar\u0131n g\u0259li\u015fm\u0259sinin sonucudur.
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Quldarl\u0131q h\u00fcququ, feodal h\u00fcququ, burjua h\u00fcququ, sosialist h\u00fcququ konkret v\u0259 \u00e7ox b\u0259sit anlay\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu prizmadan baxanda ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin qanunvericiliyinin mahiyy\u0259tini, b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259 h\u00fcququn f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259sini anlamaq \u00e7\u0259tin deyil. Bu formasiyalarda h\u00fcququn mahiyy\u0259ti toplumun azadl\u0131q s\u0259viyy\u0259si il\u0259, ad\u0259t\u0259n, d\u00fcz m\u00fct\u0259nasib olub.
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Q\u0259dim v\u0259 orta \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 insana veril\u0259n azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dozas\u0131 o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 \u00f6rt-basd\u0131r edilmir \u2013 qulla quldar, feodalla t\u0259b\u0259\u0259 faktiki olaraq n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r b\u0259rab\u0259rdirs\u0259, h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 da o q\u0259d\u0259r b\u0259rab\u0259rdir v\u0259 ya t\u0259rsin\u0259.
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Kapitalizm formal b\u0259rab\u0259rlik elan ed\u0259r\u0259k n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r ir\u0259li gedirs\u0259, h\u00fcquq da o q\u0259d\u0259r inki\u015faf edir. H\u0259r halda Fransa inqilab\u0131 b\u0259rab\u0259rlik inqilab\u0131 say\u0131la bil\u0259r v\u0259 b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259t onun n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n daha \u00e7ox yararlan\u0131b.
B\u00fcn\u00f6vr\u0259si on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczillikd\u0259, \u0259slind\u0259 ondan da qabaq qoyulmu\u015f h\u00fcquq d\u00f6vl\u0259ti ideyas\u0131n\u0131 filosof, h\u0259kim Con Lokk v\u0259 ke\u015fi\u015f Montesky\u00f6 elan ed\u0259r\u0259k b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259t\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259lik analoqu olmayan d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7ilik ideallar\u0131 elan etdil\u0259r.
Hakimiyy\u0259tin qanunverici, icra v\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259si, onlar\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 n\u0259zar\u0259ti v\u0259 tarazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 ideya h\u00fcquq d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin ilkin \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri, prel\u00fcdiyas\u0131 idi.
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Sonralar Kant, Hegel, Cefferson v\u0259 ba\u015fqalar\u0131 h\u0259l\u0259lik analoqu olmayan bu ideyan\u0131 daha da inki\u015faf etdirdil\u0259r. \u0130nsan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 ideyas\u0131 da, n\u0259hay\u0259t, yeni n\u0259f\u0259s qazand\u0131 v\u0259 ger\u00e7\u0259kliy\u0259 \u00e7evrilm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131.
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H\u00fcquq d\u00f6vl\u0259ti qanunun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r, qanunun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc is\u0259 yaln\u0131z h\u00fcquq d\u00f6vl\u0259tind\u0259, qanunun hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 dayanan hakimiyy\u0259tin b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259si \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 m\u00fcnk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.
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H\u00fcquq \u2013 y\u00fcks\u0259k \u00fcmumb\u0259\u015f\u0259ri d\u0259y\u0259rdir. Ona n\u0259yin bahas\u0131na olursa-olsun hakimiyy\u0259t \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259 v\u0259 onu qoruyub saxlamaq vasit\u0259su kimi baxmaq bu d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ri\u0259 n\u0259inki ziddir, \u00fcst\u0259lik, onlar\u0131n inkar\u0131d\u0131r.
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H\u00fcquq \u2013 insana xidm\u0259t etm\u0259li olan d\u0259y\u0259rdir. Onun ba\u015fl\u0131ca t\u0259yinat\u0131 insan c\u0259miyy\u0259ti yaratmaq, onu insani qaydalarla idar\u0259 etm\u0259k, insanlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn l\u0259yaq\u0259tli h\u0259yat \u015f\u0259raiti t\u0259min etm\u0259kdir.
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Sosializm formal b\u0259rab\u0259rliyi pik h\u0259dd\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131rd\u0131 v\u0259 \u00f6z ziddiyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin qurban\u0131na \u00e7evrildi. S\u00f6zd\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259rliy\u0259 aldanan k\u00fctl\u0259 topluma \u00e7evril\u0259nd\u0259 anlad\u0131 ki, z\u0259hm\u0259tke\u015fl\u0259r partnomenklatura v\u0259 i\u015fbazlarla he\u00e7 vaxt b\u0259rab\u0259r olmay\u0131blar v\u0259 ola da bilm\u0259zl\u0259r.
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\u0130nqilab deyil\u0259n idbar g\u00f6z\u0259l \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc insanlar\u0131n haray\u0131na \u00e7atd\u0131rd\u0131 v\u0259 b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259tin b\u00f6y\u00fck bir k\u0259simi inki\u015faf ed\u0259r\u0259k \u201cm\u0259nfur\u201d kapitalizm\u0259 qay\u0131td\u0131. Yetmi\u015f il s\u00f6y\u00fcl\u00fcb yamanlanan burjua h\u00fcququ, s\u0259n dem\u0259, o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 pis \u015fey deyilmi\u015f\u2026
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\u201cAzadl\u0131q \u2013 qanunla icaz\u0259 veril\u0259n h\u0259r \u015feyi etm\u0259k h\u00fcququdur\u201d (Montesky\u00f6).
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\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f h\u00fcquq \u201cicaz\u0259 verilm\u0259y\u0259n h\u0259r \u015fey qada\u011fand\u0131r\u201d qaydas\u0131ndan \u201cqanunla birba\u015fa qada\u011fan edilm\u0259y\u0259n h\u0259r \u015fey\u0259 icaz\u0259 verilir\u201d prinsipin\u0259d\u0259k inki\u015faf edib. Bunlardan hans\u0131n\u0131n h\u00f6kmran oldu\u011fu h\u00fcquqla ya\u015fay\u0131rsansa, o q\u0259d\u0259r azadsan, d\u00f6vl\u0259t o q\u0259d\u0259r h\u00fcquqidir, qanun qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u0259rab\u0259rlik v\u0259 h\u00fcququn n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011fu da onunla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Amma, t\u0259bii ki, s\u00f6hb\u0259t formal h\u00fcquqdan, deklarativ b\u0259z\u0259kd\u0259n deyil, \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259ki ger\u00e7\u0259k durumdan gedir.
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Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n 1789-cu il Deklarasiyas\u0131nda elan etdikl\u0259ri prinsipl\u0259r bizd\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 ger\u00e7\u0259klikd\u0259n \u00e7ox deklarasiya olaraq qal\u0131r.
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Qanunvericiliyin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0259kc\u0259 (he\u00e7 d\u0259) onun ya\u015f\u0131 il\u0259 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fcr. \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259d\u0259 Konstitusiya yoxdur, b\u0259zi qanunlar h\u0259tta orta \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259n qalmad\u0131r, lakin \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 insan h\u00fcquq v\u0259 azadl\u0131qlar\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc konstitusiyal\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycandan daha d\u0259qiq v\u0259 effektiv qorunur. Dem\u0259li, qanunvericinin h\u00fcquq prinsipl\u0259rini bilm\u0259si, ona sadiqliyi, h\u00fcququn pozulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na v\u0259 qutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131na tap\u0131nmas\u0131, icra hakimiyy\u0259tinin h\u00fcquq ideallar\u0131na he\u00e7 olmasa say\u011f\u0131s\u0131 v\u0259 ya onu cilovda saxlayan i\u015fl\u0259k mexanizmin olmas\u0131 vacibdir.
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Parlament \u00fczv\u00fc olmaq qanunverici olmaq deyil. Qanunverici olmaq h\u0259r mandat sahibinin iddia ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi ucal\u0131q deyil. \u018fks halda d\u00fcnyada milyonlarla siseronlar, ceffersonlar peyda olard\u0131. Qanunverici olmaq m\u00fcdriklik t\u0259l\u0259b edir.
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T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil ki, h\u00fcquq f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259sinin atas\u0131 Kant h\u00fcququ idrak hadis\u0259si say\u0131rd\u0131. Bizd\u0259, \u00fcst\u0259lik, qanunvericinin l\u0259yaq\u0259tli \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259t olmaq problemi d\u0259 var. Qanunverici olmaq h\u00fcququn hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 deyil, insan azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ideal\u0131na xidm\u0259t etm\u0259li oldu\u011funu d\u0259rk etm\u0259kdir.
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\u0130deal\u0131n n\u0259dirs\u0259, m\u0259hsulun da odur.
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H\u00fcquq f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, h\u0259r hans\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tin qanunvericiliyind\u0259 olan qada\u011falar, q\u0131s\u0131tmalar v\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259t m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n ed\u0259n normalar\u0131n icaz\u0259verici normalardan \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc (\u00e7oxlu\u011fu) o d\u00f6vl\u0259tin totalitar, avtoritar v\u0259 ya demokratik d\u00f6vl\u0259t olmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca g\u00f6st\u0259ricisidir.
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Qanunvericiliyiniz\u0259 bax\u0131n v\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259\u0131n edin \u2013 d\u00f6vl\u0259tiniz hans\u0131 \u201csort\u201d d\u00f6vl\u0259tdir.
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Adi bir misal. Polisin \u00e7\u0259kili\u015f aparan jurnalist\u0259, prezident ke\u00e7\u0259c\u0259k dey\u0259 ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f yolu \u2013 bo\u015f asfalt\u0131 telefonu il\u0259 \u00e7\u0259k\u0259n v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti f\u0259al\u0131na \u201cpolisd\u0259n icaz\u0259 alm\u0131sanm\u0131\u201d sual\u0131 verm\u0259si polisin qanunvericiliyi bilm\u0259m\u0259si v\u0259 ya f\u0259rdi \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131nal\u0131\u011f\u0131 deyil, \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 yuxar\u0131dan-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 qanunlara m\u00fcnasib\u0259tin g\u00f6st\u0259ricisidir. (Maraql\u0131d\u0131r, g\u00f6r\u0259s\u0259n v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f \u0259yilib o asfalt\u0131 \u00f6ps\u0259ydi, polis nec\u0259 reaksiya ver\u0131rdi?).
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Durumun s\u0259b\u0259bi is\u0259 o polisi c\u0259zaland\u0131rmaq \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259 r\u00fctb\u0259sini v\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259sini art\u0131ran hakimiyy\u0259tin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn verdiyi qanunlara m\u00fcnasib\u0259tidir. Bel\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259t universal \u00fcmumb\u0259\u015f\u0259ri d\u0259y\u0259r olan h\u00fcquqa qanunvericinin v\u0259 icra orqanlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyy\u0259t\u00e7i kimi yana\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259sidir – \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 qanunu bir n\u0259f\u0259r yaz\u0131r, q\u0259bul etdirir v\u0259 icra edirs\u0259, o, qanuna \u0259mlak\u0131 kimi baxmaqda haql\u0131d\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
(Birinci yaz\u0131) H\u00fcquq v\u0259 h\u00fcquq f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259si Uzun ill\u0259rdir ki, Az\u0259rbaycan … <\/p>\n