{"id":189851,"date":"2018-05-04T22:28:45","date_gmt":"2018-05-04T22:28:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/article\/yaxsi-hokmdar-yoxsa-yaxsi-dovlet\/"},"modified":"2018-05-04T22:28:45","modified_gmt":"2018-05-04T22:28:45","slug":"yaxsi-hokmdar-yoxsa-yaxsi-dovlet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/yaxsi-hokmdar-yoxsa-yaxsi-dovlet\/","title":{"rendered":"Yax\u015f\u0131 h\u00f6kmdar, yoxsa yax\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n \"Afinada
\n Afinada q\u0259dim Akropol \u015f\u0259h\u0259rciyi
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n Eram\u0131zdan \u0259vv\u0259l 246-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u00c7ind\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olan 7 d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259n birind\u0259 – Sin d\u00f6vl\u0259tind\u0259 \u0130n \u00c7jen adl\u0131 13 ya\u015fl\u0131 u\u015faq hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259ldi. \u0130lk ill\u0259rd\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti onun \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259 q\u0259yyum (regent) idar\u0259 edirdi. H\u0259ddi-bulu\u011fa \u00e7atandan sonra hakimiyy\u0259ti \u00f6z \u0259lin\u0259 ald\u0131, apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u011furlu m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259r say\u0259sind\u0259 dig\u0259r 6 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti i\u015f\u011fal etdi, Sin d\u00f6vl\u0259tin\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirdi. Tarixd\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 vahid \u00c7in d\u00f6vl\u0259tini yaratd\u0131. M\u0259hz buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 \u201cilk imperator\u201d anlam\u0131n\u0131 da\u015f\u0131yan \u015ei Huandi ad\u0131n\u0131 q\u0259bul etdi v\u0259 tarixd\u0259 d\u0259 daha \u00e7ox bu adla tan\u0131nd\u0131.\n<\/p>\n

\n Eram\u0131zdan \u0259vv\u0259l 210-cu il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r davam ed\u0259n 36 illik hakimiyy\u0259ti d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 \u015ei Huandi tam m\u00fctl\u0259q hakimiyy\u0259t yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u0130mperatorun k\u0259sdiyi ba\u015fa sor\u011fu-sual yox idi. Bunu n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alan \u015ei Huandi \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoydu\u011fu s\u00fclal\u0259nin 10 min insan n\u0259sli \u0259rzind\u0259 \u00c7in\u0259 h\u00f6kmranl\u0131q ed\u0259c\u0259yini iddia edirdi. Lakin imperator bir \u015feyi n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alm\u0131rd\u0131: onun qurdu\u011fu d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259 sabitliy\u0259 t\u0259minat ver\u0259n institutlar yox idi. H\u0259r \u015fey h\u00f6kmdardan, onun \u015f\u0259xsi v\u0259 siyasi keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 idi. Ana t\u0259bi\u0259t is\u0259 o\u011fulun da atas\u0131 kimi eyni d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 f\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 malik olaca\u011f\u0131na t\u0259minat vermir.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u015ei Huandinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra saray intriqalar\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck o\u011flu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, taxta ki\u00e7ik o\u011flu Er\u015fi Huandi (ikinci imperator) \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. Onun is\u0259 h\u00f6kmranl\u0131q \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn he\u00e7 bir keyfiyy\u0259ti yox idi. E.\u0259. 207-ci ild\u0259 ba\u015f m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259t\u00e7isi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, yerin\u0259 qohumu ke\u00e7di. Daha bir il sonra is\u0259 \u00fcsyan qald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f \u0259yanlar qalib g\u0259l\u0259r\u0259k Sin s\u00fclal\u0259sinin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fczvl\u0259rini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, \u015ei Huandinin ehtimal\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 \u00c7in\u0259 minillikl\u0259r \u0259rzind\u0259 r\u0259hb\u0259rlik ed\u0259c\u0259k s\u00fclal\u0259si onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n c\u0259mi 4 il sonra tam q\u0131r\u0131l\u0131b t\u00fck\u0259ndi.\n<\/p>\n

\n D\u00f6vl\u0259tin m\u00f6hk\u0259mliyin\u0259 v\u0259 uzun\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u0259 bel\u0259 yanl\u0131\u015f yana\u015fma nadir deyil. \u00dcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, bu yana\u015fma \u0259srl\u0259rboyu \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259 yegan\u0259 olub. H\u0259tta bu g\u00fcn, XXI \u0259srd\u0259 m\u00fctl\u0259q hakimiyy\u0259t \u2013 f\u0259rqi yoxdur, krala v\u0259 ya prezident\u0259 m\u0259nsub olsun \u2013 \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u00f6vl\u0259tin \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259sinin \u0259n do\u011fru, bir \u00e7ox halda yegan\u0259 yolu say\u0131l\u0131r. Halbuki, Q\u0259rb \u0259srl\u0259r \u00f6nc\u0259, h\u0259l\u0259 \u015ei Huandid\u0259n qabaq bunun yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu anlay\u0131b.\n<\/p>\n

\n Q\u0259dim Afina d\u00f6vl\u0259tind\u0259 \u00e7ox maraql\u0131 bir \u0259n\u0259n\u0259 vard\u0131, ostrakizm adlan\u0131rd\u0131. E.\u0259. VI \u0259srd\u0259 Pisistrat n\u0259slinin tiraniyas\u0131ndan sonra demokratiyan\u0131n b\u0259rpa ed\u0259rk\u0259n t\u0259sis olunmu\u015fdu. N\u00fcfuzlu adamlar\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irm\u0259sin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nl\u0259yici (preventiv) t\u0259dbir kimi n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulurdu. Ke\u00e7iril\u0259n xalq s\u0259sverm\u0259si zaman\u0131 kimins\u0259 ad\u0131n\u0131 6 min v\u0259 daha art\u0131q v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f yazard\u0131sa, onu bir qayda olaraq 10 il m\u00fcdd\u0259tin\u0259 Afinadan qovurdular.\n<\/p>\n

\n Maraql\u0131d\u0131r ki, ostrakizm\u0259 m\u0259ruz qoymaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259sas tapmaq, hans\u0131sa \u0259m\u0259ld\u0259 ittiham etm\u0259k laz\u0131m deyildi. \u00c7\u00fcnki ostrakizm c\u0259za deyil, \u00f6nl\u0259yici t\u0259dbir say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Afinal\u0131lar x\u00fcsus\u0259n u\u011furlu h\u0259rbi \u0259m\u0259liyyatlar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 n\u00fcfuz toplayan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flardan \u00e7\u0259kinirdil\u0259r. Onlar\u0131n bir g\u00fcn \u00f6z n\u00fcfuzundan istifad\u0259 edib tiraniya yaradacaqlar\u0131ndan qorxurdular. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 bel\u0259l\u0259ri daha tez-tez ostrakizml\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015firdil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u018fh\u0259m\u0259ni h\u00f6kmdar\u0131 Kserksin Yunan\u0131stan \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 h\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcnun (bu hadis\u0259 geni\u015f k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 daha \u00e7ox 300 spartal\u0131 vaqe\u0259si il\u0259 tan\u0131\u015fd\u0131r) d\u0259f edilm\u0259sind\u0259 f\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 rol oynam\u0131\u015f Femistokl bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t sonra ostrakizm\u0259 u\u011frad\u0131 v\u0259 do\u011fma \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259n qovuldu.\n<\/p>\n

\n Elladan\u0131n demokratik qurulu\u015fa malik bir \u00e7ox dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259h\u0259r-d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 eyni t\u0259dbirin m\u00f6vcud olmas\u0131 m\u0259lumdur. Xarici m\u00fcdaxil\u0259 v\u0259 ya ba\u015fqa bir f\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 hadis\u0259 zaman\u0131 ehtiyac olard\u0131sa, xalq y\u0131\u011f\u0131nca\u011f\u0131 qovulmu\u015f \u015f\u0259xsi m\u00fcdd\u0259ti ba\u015fa \u00e7atmam\u0131\u015f geri qaytar\u0131lmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 q\u0259rar q\u0259bul ed\u0259 bil\u0259rdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Q\u0259dim yunanlar o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli olmayan bu \u00fcsulla \u00f6z azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 qoruyur, n\u00fcfuzlu \u015f\u0259xsin hakimiyy\u0259ti m\u0259nims\u0259m\u0259sini \u00f6nl\u0259yirdil\u0259r. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, art\u0131q 2500 il \u00f6nc\u0259, c\u0259mi birc\u0259 d\u0259f\u0259 Pisistrat tiraniyas\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015famaq kifay\u0259t etmi\u015fdi ki, afinal\u0131lar hakimiyy\u0259t m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 insan\u0131n \u015f\u0259xsi keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00fcv\u0259nm\u0259nin do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259na\u0259tin\u0259 g\u0259lsinl\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Afinanl\u0131larla eyni vaxtda, e.\u0259. 509-cu ild\u0259 q\u0259dim romal\u0131lar da despot hakimiyy\u0259tini devirdil\u0259r. \u015e\u0259h\u0259rin yaranmas\u0131ndan etibar\u0259n m\u00f6vcud olan monarxiyaya son qoyuldu, ax\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131 Roma \u015fah\u0131 M\u0259\u011frur Tarkvini qovuldu. Lakin romal\u0131lar pis \u015fah\u0131n yerin\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 qoymad\u0131lar, b\u00fct\u00f6v sistemi d\u0259yi\u015fdil\u0259r, \u015fahs\u0131z ya\u015fama\u011fa q\u0259rar verdil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Yeni yarad\u0131lan sistem\u0259 fikir verdikd\u0259 romal\u0131lar\u0131n respublika qurulu\u015funu qorumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn nec\u0259 ciddi-c\u0259hdl\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131qlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Yeni sistemd\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tin m\u0259nb\u0259yi Roma xalq\u0131 idi. Hakimiyy\u0259t b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc dey\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yimiz prinsip fomala\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Komisia ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f xalq y\u0131\u011f\u0131nca\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 Senat bir q\u0259d\u0259r ox\u015far s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 malik olub qanunverici hakimiyy\u0259t idil\u0259r. Senatorlar eyni zamanda m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 da malik idil\u0259r. Ali pill\u0259si konsullar olan magistratlar is\u0259 icraedici hakimiyy\u0259t idil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n D\u00f6vl\u0259ti idar\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r il xalq t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n iki konsul se\u00e7ilirdi. Onlar\u0131n s\u0259lahiyy\u0259t m\u00fcdd\u0259ti bir il idi. Romal\u0131lar h\u0259tta bir illik olsa bel\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259ti bir n\u0259f\u0259r\u0259 etibar etm\u0259k ist\u0259mirdil\u0259r. Bir konsul dig\u0259rinin q\u0259rar\u0131na veto qoya bil\u0259rdi. Konsul senat qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda m\u0259suliiy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rd\u0131, ikinci t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n vaxt\u0131ndan \u0259vv\u0259l s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 xitam veril\u0259 bil\u0259rdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Konsul dinc d\u00f6vrd\u0259, x\u00fcsus\u0259n d\u0259 m\u00fcharib\u0259 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 (Roman\u0131n m\u00fcharib\u0259 aparmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259r is\u0259 az olurdu) b\u00f6y\u00fck s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 malik idi. Lakin onunla eyni s\u0259lahiyy\u0259t\u0259 malik dig\u0259r konsulun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n sui-istifad\u0259nin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rd\u0131. V\u0259zif\u0259d\u0259n sui-istifad\u0259nin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 alan dig\u0259r amil is\u0259 konsulluq m\u00fcdd\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 idi. C\u0259mi bir il s\u00fcr\u0259n hakimiyy\u0259ti m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirm\u0259k \u00e7\u0259tin m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 idi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Respublika qurulu\u015funu qorumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn daha bir t\u0259dbir t\u0259krar se\u00e7ilm\u0259 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 idi. Konsul v\u0259zif\u0259sini icra etmi\u015f \u015f\u0259xs bir d\u0259 10 ild\u0259n sonra namiz\u0259dliyini ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u0259 bil\u0259rdi. \u0130lk d\u0259f\u0259 konsul olmaq s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tinin 41 ya\u015fda verildiyiniv\u0259 antik d\u00f6vrd\u0259ki \u00f6m\u00fcr h\u0259ddini n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alsaq, eyni adam \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 halda 2-3d\u0259f\u0259 konsul ola bil\u0259rdi. Sonralar ist\u0259r ya\u015f, ist\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259 interval m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 g\u00fcz\u0259\u015ftl\u0259r\u0259 yol verildi ki, bu da respublikan\u0131n t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n biri idi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, romal\u0131lar anlay\u0131rd\u0131lar ki, t\u0259khakimiyy\u0259tlilik t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259n x\u00fcsusi hallar olar bil\u0259r. Bel\u0259 hallar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn diktator institutu yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar. Diktator h\u0259m h\u0259rbi, h\u0259m d\u0259 ictimai-siyasi v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ehtiyac yaranard\u0131sa, konsullar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n se\u00e7ilirdi. Onun s\u0259lahiyy\u0259t m\u00fcdd\u0259ti maksimum 6 ay ola bil\u0259rdi. Lakin se\u00e7ilm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olmu\u015f problem daha tez h\u0259ll edil\u0259rdis\u0259, diktator s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri t\u0259hvil verilm\u0259li idi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Roma tarixind\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 g\u00fcn davam etmi\u015f diktatorluq hallar\u0131 m\u0259lumdur. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, e.\u0259. 49-cu ild\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259n n\u00f6vb\u0259ti il \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn konsul se\u00e7kil\u0259rini ke\u00e7irm\u0259kd\u0259 problem yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Diktator se\u00e7il\u0259n Qay Yuli Sezar 11 g\u00fcn \u0259rzind\u0259 problemi h\u0259ll etdi v\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri t\u0259hvil verdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n E.\u0259. II-\u0259srin sonu \u2013 I \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 respublika institutlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6hran\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilir, t\u0259khakimiyy\u0259tlik yolundak\u0131 \u0259ng\u0259ll\u0259r bir-bir s\u0131radan \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Bir ne\u00e7\u0259 bel\u0259 n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri sadalamaq olar. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n Qay Mari e.\u0259. 104-100-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 be\u015f d\u0259f\u0259 dalbadal konsul se\u00e7ildi. Halbuki \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r bu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyildi. Lu\u00e7i Korneli Sulla is\u0259 e.\u0259 82-ci ild\u0259 yiy\u0259l\u0259ndiyi diktator s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tinin \u201cdaxili \u00e7\u0259ki\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n v\u0259 m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Roma d\u00f6vl\u0259ti b\u0259rkim\u0259y\u0259n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r\u201d davam ed\u0259c\u0259yini, y\u0259ni m\u00fcdd\u0259tsiz olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u0259di v\u0259 yaln\u0131z 3 il sonra k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 diktatorluqdan \u00e7\u0259kildi.\n<\/p>\n

\n E.\u0259. 47-ci ild\u0259 Qay Yuli Sezar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u0259f\u0259 diktator se\u00e7ildi. Bud\u0259f\u0259ki se\u00e7imin iki \u00f6z\u0259lliyi vard\u0131. Birincisi, diktator se\u00e7m\u0259y\u0259 \u0259sas ver\u0259c\u0259k hal yox idi; ikincisi, s\u0259lahiyy\u0259t m\u00fcdd\u0259ti 10 il n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmu\u015fdu. E.\u0259. 44-c\u00fc ild\u0259 is\u0259 Sezar \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fck diktator se\u00e7ilm\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil etdi. Lakin art\u0131q mart ay\u0131nda respublika\u00e7\u0131lar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.\n<\/p>\n

\n Sezar\u0131n q\u0259tli Brut v\u0259 Kassinin ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q etdikl\u0259ri sui-q\u0259sd\u00e7il\u0259rin respublikan\u0131 xilas etm\u0259k c\u0259hdi idi. Lakin bu \u00fcmidsizlik akt\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259 verm\u0259di. Sezar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcls\u0259 d\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259n sonra Oktavian Avqust Romada t\u0259khakimiyy\u0259tliliyi b\u0259rq\u0259rar etdi, respublika s\u00fcquta u\u011frad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnki problem Sezarda deyildi, respublikan\u0131 qoruyan, t\u0259khakimiyy\u0259tliy\u0259 \u0259ng\u0259l t\u00f6r\u0259d\u0259n mexanizml\u0259r art\u0131q korroziyaya u\u011fram\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Sonras\u0131 m\u0259lumdur \u2013 Kaliqula, Neron, Kommod kimi d\u0259lil\u0259rin hakimiyy\u0259ti, imperiyan\u0131n zirv\u0259d\u0259n u\u00e7uruma yuvarlanmas\u0131.\n<\/p>\n

\n Avropan\u0131n eram\u0131z\u0131n ikinci minilliyind\u0259ki tarixi d\u0259 m\u00f6vzu bax\u0131m\u0131ndan ibr\u0259tamizdir. \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq burada h\u00f6kmdar he\u00e7 zaman tam m\u00fctl\u0259q hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 malik deyildi. N\u0259sli zad\u0259\u011fanl\u0131q institutu kral hakimiyy\u0259tini xeyli m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Zad\u0259ganlar\u0131n el\u0259 h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 var idi ki, buna g\u00f6r\u0259 krala deyil, \u00f6z m\u0259n\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 borclu idil\u0259r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 il\u0259, kral\u0131n o h\u00fcquqlara toxunmaq ixtiyar\u0131 yox idi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Toxunmaq ist\u0259y\u0259nd\u0259 is\u0259 m\u00fcqavim\u0259tl\u0259, qiyamla \u00fczl\u0259\u015firdi. XIII \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259d\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi. Kral Conun (\u0130oann) bir \u00e7ox qanunsuzluqlar\u0131 ona qar\u015f\u0131 iri feodallar\u0131n da daxil oldu\u011fu frondan\u0131n formala\u015fmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. M\u00fcbariz\u0259 1215-ci ild\u0259 kral\u0131n m\u0259\u011flubiyy\u0259ti il\u0259 yekunla\u015fd\u0131. G\u00f6zl\u0259m\u0259k olard\u0131 ki, baronlar kral\u0131 taxtdan sal\u0131b, yerin\u0259 ba\u015fqas\u0131n\u0131 oturdacaqlar. Lakin bel\u0259 olmad\u0131.\n<\/p>\n

\n Baronlar 63 madd\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t s\u0259n\u0259d haz\u0131rlay\u0131b imzalamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn krala t\u0259qdim etdil\u0259r. \u201cAzadl\u0131qlar\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck xartiyas\u0131\u201d (Magna Charta Libertatum) adlanan bu s\u0259n\u0259d kral hakimiyy\u0259tinin s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rini, \u0259sla toxuna bilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yi v\u0259 ya baronlar\u0131n raz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmadan toxuna bilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yi sah\u0259l\u0259ri m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edirdi.
\n
\n \u0130lk bax\u0131\u015fda Xartiyan\u0131n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259ti d\u00fczg\u00fcn qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilm\u0259y\u0259 bil\u0259r. Ax\u0131 burada yaz\u0131lanlar daha \u00e7ox baronlar\u0131n m\u0259nafeyin\u0259 xidm\u0259t edirdi. Bununla bel\u0259, kral hakimiyy\u0259tinin m\u0259hdudlu\u011fu prinsipinin r\u0259sm\u0259n q\u0259bulu inqilabi hadis\u0259 idi. Bu prinsip sonrak\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 daha da geni\u015fl\u0259ndirildi, daha ba\u015fqa sah\u0259l\u0259r\u0259, dig\u0259r insanlara m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 \u015famil olundu. 1689-cu uld\u0259 H\u00fcquqlar haqq\u0131nda billin q\u0259bulu il\u0259 parlament hakimiyy\u0259tinin kral hakimiyy\u0259tind\u0259n \u00fcst\u00fcn olmas\u0131 r\u0259smil\u0259\u015fdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u0130nsan h\u00fcquq v\u0259 azadl\u0131qlar\u0131, hakimiyy\u0259t b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc, balans v\u0259 \u0259yl\u0259cl\u0259r prinsipi u\u011frunda Q\u0259rbd\u0259 c\u0259r\u0259yan ed\u0259n hadis\u0259l\u0259r bir ne\u00e7\u0259 \u0259srl\u0259rboyu davam edib, elmi-publisistik \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r, ictimai m\u00fcqavil\u0259l\u0259r, qanunlar, b\u0259yannam\u0259l\u0259r, Konstitusiya \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 t\u0259zah\u00fcr edib. T\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcf ki, bir m\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 ham\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u0259hat\u0259 etm\u0259k qeyri-m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Q\u0131sa \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 onu dem\u0259k olar ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn proses maksimum d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 \u015f\u0259ffaf, n\u0259zar\u0259t edil\u0259n, m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lan hakimiyy\u0259tin formala\u015fmas\u0131na xidm\u0259t edib.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259 is\u0259 siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f \u015ei Huandi d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259n o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 f\u0259rql\u0259nm\u0259di. Burada yaz\u0131lan siyasi traktatlarda h\u00f6kmdar hakimiyy\u0259tinin qeyri-m\u0259hdudlu\u011fu he\u00e7 zaman sual alt\u0131na qoyulmad\u0131. Sad\u0259c\u0259 h\u00f6kmdar\u0131n \u0259dal\u0259tli olmas\u0131, \u00f6z t\u0259b\u0259\u0259l\u0259rini (m\u0259hz t\u0259b\u0259\u0259l\u0259rini, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 yox) yax\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fatmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnd\u0259 n\u0259sih\u0259tl\u0259r verildi. G\u00fccl\u00fc d\u00f6vl\u0259t b\u0259rab\u0259rdir g\u00fccl\u00fc hakimiyy\u0259t d\u00fcsturu ham\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul edildi.\n<\/p>\n

\n N\u0259sih\u0259tl\u0259rin ziddin\u0259 olaraq taxta zal\u0131m h\u00f6kmdar \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131sa, onun z\u00fclm\u00fcn\u00fcn qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn he\u00e7 bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t institutu yox idi. Ad\u0259t\u0259n bu z\u00fclm h\u0259min h\u00f6kmdar \u00f6l\u0259n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r davam edirdi. B\u0259z\u0259n xalq bezib \u00fcsyan edirdi, h\u00f6kmdar\u0131 devirib \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fc, lakin sistemi d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259k bar\u0259d\u0259 kims\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcrd\u00fc. Yen\u0259 h\u0259min \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r daxilind\u0259, yen\u0259 h\u0259min h\u00fcdudsuz s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u015fqa birisi h\u00f6kmdar olurdu. \u0130craedici, qanunverici, m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259ti \u2013 ham\u0131s\u0131 bir \u0259ld\u0259 idi.\n<\/p>\n

\n H\u0259tta monarxiyan\u0131 devirib respublika qurulanda bel\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n fasad olur. Bu d\u0259f\u0259 prezident hakimi-m\u00fctl\u0259q olurdu. Hakimiyy\u0259t b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc yaln\u0131z ka\u011f\u0131z \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olur. Parlament oyuncaq t\u0259sisata \u00e7evrilir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Do\u011frudur, b\u0259z\u0259n istisnalar olurdu, \u201cyax\u015f\u0131 \u015fah\u201d deyil, \u201cyax\u015f\u0131 qurulu\u015f\u201d u\u011frunda m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. XIX \u0259srd\u0259ki g\u0259nc t\u00fcrkl\u0259r h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 kimi.\n<\/p>\n

\n G\u0259nc t\u00fcrkl\u0259r Avropadak\u0131 inqilabi h\u0259r\u0259katlar\u0131n t\u0259siri il\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin konstitusiyal\u0131 monarxiyaya \u00e7evrilm\u0259si u\u011frunda m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apar\u0131rd\u0131lar. Sultan\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti xeyli m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, xalq t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n se\u00e7il\u0259n M\u0259clisl\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259li idi. G\u0259nc t\u00fcrkl\u0259r inqilab\u0131 1908-ci ild\u0259 qalib g\u0259ls\u0259 d\u0259, sonrak\u0131 ill\u0259rin b\u00f6y\u00fck hadis\u0259l\u0259ri (I cahan sava\u015f\u0131 v\u0259 Qurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131) s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n Osmanl\u0131 monarxiyas\u0131, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, l\u0259\u011fv edildi, respublika quruldu.\n<\/p>\n

\n Lakin g\u0259nc t\u00fcrkl\u0259r\u0259 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bax\u0131\u015f maraql\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada monarx\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259tini m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131rmaq u\u011frunda, Konstitusiya u\u011frunda h\u0259r\u0259kat m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi c\u0259r\u0259yan kimi q\u0259bul edils\u0259 d\u0259, bu g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 xeyli insan buna xarici qara q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin, masonlar\u0131n, daha kiml\u0259rin Osmanl\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259hv etm\u0259k plan\u0131 kimi bax\u0131r, q\u0259ddar II \u018fbd\u00fclh\u0259midi is\u0259 xilaskar kimi q\u0259bul edir. Az\u0259rbaycanda da eyni m\u00f6vqe s\u0259rgil\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259r az deyil. Konstitusiya h\u0259r yerd\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131d\u0131r, Osmanl\u0131da is\u0259 yox, \u201cgavur fitn\u0259si\u201ddir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Tarix s\u00fcbut edir ki, d\u00f6vl\u0259tin v\u0259 insanlar\u0131n taleyini h\u00f6kmdar\u0131n keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u00fcmidin\u0259 buraxmaq \u015fox t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259lidir. \u018fn q\u00fcdr\u0259tli d\u00f6vl\u0259t bir yarars\u0131z h\u00f6kmdar\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti \u0259rzind\u0259 m\u0259hv ola bil\u0259r, \u015ei Huandinin yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t kimi. Zat\u0259n \u015e\u0259rq tarixi tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131qda \u201cbirg\u00fcnl\u00fck imperiya\u201d adlanan q\u0131sam\u00fcdd\u0259tli d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 z\u0259ngindir.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u015e\u0259xsi keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 deyil, d\u00f6vl\u0259t institutlar\u0131na g\u00fcv\u0259nm\u0259k daha g\u00fcv\u0259nlidir. H\u0259tta bu halda da \u201cart\u0131q institutlar qurulub\u201d dey\u0259 arxay\u0131nla\u015fmaq olmaz. O institutlar\u0131 i\u015fl\u0259k ed\u0259n v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n f\u0259all\u0131\u011f\u0131, hakimiyy\u0259t t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259rin\u0259 daim n\u0259zar\u0259ti, h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131nal\u0131\u011fa m\u00fcqavim\u0259t\u0259 haz\u0131r olmaq say\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Eram\u0131zdan \u0259vv\u0259l 246-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u00c7ind\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olan 7 d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259n birind\u0259 – Sin d\u00f6vl\u0259tind\u0259 \u0130n \u00c7jen adl\u0131 13 ya\u015fl\u0131 u\u015faq hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259ldi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":103137,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-189851","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-menim-fikrimce","infinite-scroll-item","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33","no-featured-image-padding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nYax\u015f\u0131 h\u00f6kmdar, yoxsa yax\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t - MEYDAN.TV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/yaxsi-hokmdar-yoxsa-yaxsi-dovlet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"az_AZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Yax\u015f\u0131 h\u00f6kmdar, yoxsa yax\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t - 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