{"id":185816,"date":"2017-07-29T19:02:32","date_gmt":"2017-07-29T19:02:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/article\/demokratiya-layihesi-iyirmi-bes-il-on-bes-tapinti\/"},"modified":"2017-07-29T19:02:32","modified_gmt":"2017-07-29T19:02:32","slug":"demokratiya-layihesi-iyirmi-bes-il-on-bes-tapinti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/demokratiya-layihesi-iyirmi-bes-il-on-bes-tapinti\/","title":{"rendered":"Demokratiya layih\u0259si: \u0130yirmi be\u015f il, on be\u015f tap\u0131nt\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n Meydan TV-nin \u201cDemokratiya\u201d layih\u0259sinin ikinci hiss\u0259si ba\u015flay\u0131r. Birinci hiss\u0259d\u0259, Meydan TV oxucular \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn avtoritarizim bar\u0259d\u0259 alt\u0131 m\u0259qal\u0259 yay\u0131mlayaraq, onun formalar\u0131, g\u00fccl\u00fc v\u0259 z\u0259if t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259ri, onu qidaland\u0131ran m\u00fchit kimi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 toxunmu\u015f, avtoritarizimin mahiyy\u0259ti bar\u0259d\u0259 oxucular\u0131 qism\u0259n m\u0259lumatland\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u201cDemokratiya\u201d layih\u0259sinin bud\u0259f\u0259ki saylar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131q ki, ke\u00e7id demokratiyas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 oxucular\u0131 m\u0259lumatland\u0131raq. H\u0259r ay \u0259rzind\u0259 iki m\u0259qal\u0259 olmaqla \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 alt\u0131 m\u0259qal\u0259 yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
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\n Xo\u015f oxumalar…
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\n Filip \u015emitter \u0130taliyada, Florensiya Avropa Universitetinin professorudur. 2009-cu ild\u0259 o, m\u00fcqayis\u0259li siyas\u0259t elmi v\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 sah\u0259sind\u0259ki t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, Yohan Skit M\u00fckafat\u0131na layiq g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcb. O, h\u0259m\u00e7inin Beyn\u0259lxalq Siyasi Elml\u0259r Assosiasiyas\u0131n\u0131n Matteyi Doqan \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fck nailiyy\u0259t m\u00fckafat\u0131 il\u0259 t\u0259ltif edilib.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n \u018fsrin d\u00f6rdd\u0259 biri q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u0259vv\u0259l Gilyermo Odonell il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 m\u0259n “Avtoritar idar\u0259\u00e7ilikd\u0259n ke\u00e7idl\u0259r: qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n demokratiyalarla ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259” kitab\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259rk\u0259n, \u0259limizd\u0259 \u00e7ox az n\u00fcmun\u0259 vard\u0131 v\u0259 dem\u0259k olar ki, yazmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn he\u00e7 bir \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131m\u0131z yox idi. Bizim g\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u015f \u0259sas\u0259n Vudro Vilson M\u0259rk\u0259zind\u0259 el\u0259 bizim kimi t\u0259dqiqatlar aparan h\u0259mkarlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n monoloqlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259l\u0259k-v\u0259l\u0259k el\u0259m\u0259kd\u0259n ibar\u0259t idi. O c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n biz \u0259vv\u0259lki d\u00f6vrl\u0259r\u0259, siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 klassikl\u0259rin\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t edirdik. Bu m\u0259nada \u015f\u0259xs\u0259n m\u0259n\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox ilham ver\u0259n Nikolo Makiavelli olmu\u015fdu, m\u0259n bird\u0259n k\u0259\u015ff etmi\u015fdim ki, o, \u0259srl\u0259r \u00f6nc\u0259 \u0259ks istiqam\u0259td\u0259 – “respublika”dan “\u015eahzad\u0259” idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin\u0259 – olan rejim d\u0259yi\u015fikliyi qavraya bilmi\u015fdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n O zamanlar \u015e\u0259rqi Avropadak\u0131 v\u0259 Lat\u0131n Amerikas\u0131ndak\u0131 ilkin t\u0259rp\u0259ni\u015fl\u0259ri m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 ed\u0259rk\u0259n, bizim he\u00e7 birimizin a\u011fl\u0131na bel\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259zdi ki, bu proses d\u00fcnyan\u0131n iyirmi be\u015fd\u0259n \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259sind\u0259 \u00fcsul-idar\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fikliyi il\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259n\u0259c\u0259k. X\u00fcsusil\u0259 M\u0259rk\u0259zi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropada, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131nda “ilahi t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcb”\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olan d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r t\u0259kc\u0259 elmi f\u00fcrs\u0259ti v\u0259 \u015f\u0259xsi normativ m\u0259mnunlu\u011fu deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u0259sasl\u0131 intellektual riski d\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcyl\u0259 g\u0259tirmi\u015f oldu. \u0130lkin n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcmanlar, f\u0259rziyy\u0259l\u0259r, konseptl\u0259r v\u0259 “m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r” n\u0259 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7ox dart\u0131na bil\u0259rdi ki, \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck v\u0259 bir-birind\u0259n h\u0259dsiz f\u0259rql\u0259n\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lsin? Bizim ideyalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n “H\u0259qiqi m\u00f6vcud demokratiyalar”la ba\u011fl\u0131 oturu\u015fmu\u015f n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 nec\u0259 ziddiyy\u0259td\u0259 oldu\u011funu n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alanda, n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutdu\u011fumuz bu dart\u0131nma daha da problemli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc.\n<\/p>\n

\n Biz m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, liberalla\u015fma v\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 aras\u0131nda ayd\u0131n bir f\u0259rqin olmas\u0131nda israr edirdik. Biz demokratiyan\u0131n b\u0259zi m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n iqtisadi v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r t\u0259l\u0259b etdiyini q\u0259bul etm\u0259k ist\u0259mirdik. Biz ke\u00e7id zaman\u0131 elitar i\u015ftirak\u0131n v\u0259 strateji se\u00e7imin a\u00e7ar rolu oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vur\u011fulay\u0131r v\u0259 bir \u00e7ox halda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan olan k\u00fctl\u0259vi s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259rliyin m\u0259hdud rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fck. Biz se\u00e7ki prosesinin demobilizasiya effektin\u0259 i\u015far\u0259 edib deyirdik ki, n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin rolu azd\u0131r, o, q\u0131sa\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olacaq. Biz \u0259vv\u0259l m\u00f6vcud olan avtokratiyalardan ba\u015flay\u0131b m\u0259hv olmu\u015f ke\u00e7idl\u0259ri, yaxud da sonradan he\u00e7 bir v\u0259chl\u0259 demokratik t\u0259\u015f\u0259kk\u00fcl\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xarmam\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7ox ke\u00e7idi qeyd edirdik. \u018fn n\u0259hay\u0259t, biz m\u00fcbahis\u0259 edirdik ki, \u0259ld\u0259 he\u00e7 bir demokrat olmasa da, demokratiyan\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 olmasa da, m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr). Ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259 des\u0259k, b\u00fct\u00fcn stabil demokratiyalar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fctl\u0259q hesab edil\u0259n \u00fcst\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u0259l v\u0259 normativ x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri, yaxud da m\u00fcqayis\u0259li sor\u011fu ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259sbit etdiyi “v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti”ni demokratiyan\u0131n istehsal\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ox onun m\u0259hsulu kimi ifad\u0259 edirdik.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bir komperativist (m\u00fcqayis\u0259\u00e7i) kimi m\u0259n bizim orijinal i\u015fimizd\u0259ki “dart\u0131nan” anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f kimi xo\u015f qar\u015f\u0131lay\u0131rd\u0131m v\u0259 onu \u00e7ox m\u00fcxt\u0259lif n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 aid edirdim. M\u0259n bu “ke\u00e7id-regional” m\u00fcqayis\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 n\u0259 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 tez-tez, n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r uzaqdan v\u0259 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r ziddiyy\u0259tli \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 c\u0259hdl\u0259r edildiyini g\u00f6r\u00fcb m\u0259mnun olurdum v\u0259 m\u0259n \u0259min\u0259m ki, o, daha \u0259hat\u0259li formada demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na t\u00f6hv\u0259 verib. \u018fndi\u015f\u0259 yaradan m\u0259qam is\u0259 t\u0259nqid\u00e7il\u0259rin v\u0259 dig\u0259r oxucular\u0131n bizim kitablar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 aid olmayan sah\u0259l\u0259rin m\u00f6vzular\u0131na aid etm\u0259l\u0259ri idi. M\u0259niml\u0259 Gilyermonun kitaba verdiyimiz ad\u0131n demokratiyaya do\u011fru deyil, avtoritarizmd\u0259n sonrak\u0131 ke\u00e7id anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar olmas\u0131 t\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil, h\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd ba\u015fqalar\u0131 buna el\u0259 don geyindirirdil\u0259r ki, sanki biz demokratiyan\u0131n konsalidasiyas\u0131n\u0131n u\u011fur qazanmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn hans\u0131sa m\u00f6c\u00fcz\u0259vi formula yaratm\u0131\u015f\u0131q v\u0259 yaxud n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r ortaya qoymu\u015fuq.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bel\u0259 u\u011furlu n\u0259tic\u0259y\u0259 aparan telos-un (m\u00fctl\u0259q sonluq) m\u00f6vcud oldu\u011fu bar\u0259d\u0259 g\u00fcmanlar\u0131 biz n\u0259inki r\u0259dd edirik, \u00fcst\u0259lik avtokratiyaya do\u011fru regressiya ehtimal\u0131 da bizi t\u0259dirgin edir. Demokratiyan\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259tini art\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcxt\u0259lif ke\u00e7id situasiyalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00f6vcud olaca\u011f\u0131na dair \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259siz ki, bu m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u0259rzind\u0259 bizim g\u00fcmanlar\u0131m\u0131z olub, lakin biz bel\u0259 bir n\u0259tic\u0259nin n\u0259y\u0259 ox\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131na dair birc\u0259 s\u0259tir bel\u0259 yazmam\u0131\u015f\u0131q. O zamandan b\u0259ri Gilyermo v\u0259 m\u0259n bu m\u00f6vzu bar\u0259d\u0259 kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7ox yazm\u0131\u015f\u0131q, ancaq bizim m\u00fc\u015ft\u0259r\u0259k c\u0259hdl\u0259rimizd\u0259 el\u0259 bir \u015fey yoxdur ki, kimis\u0259 yeni demokratiyalar h\u0259dsiz qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n ke\u00e7id d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fc ke\u00e7\u0259rl\u0259rs\u0259, k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc, struktural bax\u0131mdan m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259mi\u015f f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin siyas\u0259td\u0259 dominant olaca\u011f\u0131na, yaxud da elitalar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 strateji didi\u015fm\u0259nin k\u00fctl\u0259vi s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259rlikd\u0259n v\u0259 siyasi i\u015ftirakdan daha vacib rol oynayaca\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131rs\u0131n.\n<\/p>\n

\n Son 20 ild\u0259 demokratiya t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131 sah\u0259sind\u0259 \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259 daxil, bir \u00e7ox d\u0259yi\u015fiklik ba\u015f verib, m\u0259n bunlardan \u00e7ox \u015fey \u00f6yr\u0259nmi\u015f\u0259m. “Demokratiya Jurnal\u0131”n\u0131n redaktorlar\u0131 m\u0259nd\u0259n bu retrospektiv bilikl\u0259ri payla\u015fma\u011f\u0131 rica edibl\u0259r:\n<\/p>\n

\n 1) Demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesi m\u00fcasir tarixi kontekstd\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frulda bil\u0259c\u0259yini m\u0259nim \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fcmd\u0259n daha asan s\u00fcbut edib. Hesablamalar\u0131ma g\u00f6r\u0259, Lat\u0131n Amerikas\u0131nda 1900-c\u00fc ild\u0259n sonrak\u0131 h\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 c\u0259hdind\u0259n t\u0259xmin\u0259n ikisi u\u011fursuzlu\u011fa u\u011fray\u0131b, proses (ad\u0259t\u0259n qanl\u0131 formada) 3 ild\u0259n be\u015f il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r zaman i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q sur\u0259td\u0259 avtokratiya il\u0259 \u0259v\u0259zl\u0259nib. C\u0259nubi Avropa il\u0259 Lat\u0131n Amerika n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri aras\u0131nda m\u00fcqayis\u0259l\u0259r aparark\u0259n, Gilyermo il\u0259 m\u0259nim \u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259 \u0259ziyy\u0259t verm\u0259d\u0259n asan n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r se\u00e7diyimiz, \u0259trafda kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7\u0259tin misallar oldu\u011fu t\u0259qdird\u0259, bizim m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn q\u00fcsurlu meyill\u0259r\u0259 ba\u015f qo\u015fdu\u011fumuz bar\u0259d\u0259 ittihamlarla \u00fczl\u0259\u015f\u0259nd\u0259 s\u0259ks\u0259nmi\u015fdim. Ax\u0131 m\u0259n bundan o yanan\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259 bilm\u0259zdim, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 1974-c\u00fc ild\u0259n b\u0259ri Portuqaliyada davam etm\u0259kd\u0259 olan olduqca t\u0259lat\u00fcml\u00fc v\u0259 qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n ke\u00e7id bar\u0259d\u0259ki t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131mdan sonra. C\u0259nubi Avropada, yaxud Lat\u0131n Amerikas\u0131nda he\u00e7 bir \u00f6lk\u0259nin avtokratiyaya do\u011fru a\u00e7\u0131q, yaxud q\u0259fil regressiya etm\u0259m\u0259si \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259siz ki, bizim g\u00fcnah\u0131m\u0131z deyil, h\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd onlardan b\u0259zil\u0259ri ke\u00e7id \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t s\u0259rf etm\u0259li olublar (Braziliya), b\u0259zil\u0259rind\u0259 proses az qals\u0131n b\u0259db\u0259xtlikl\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259n\u0259c\u0259kdi (Paraqvay, Peru) v\u0259 b\u0259zil\u0259ri t\u0259drici xarabla\u015fma simptomlar\u0131 s\u0259rgil\u0259yibl\u0259r (Boliviya, Ekvador, Nikaraqua).\n<\/p>\n

\n Liberal demokratiyan\u0131n konsalidasiyas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259yati \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli say\u0131lan (\u0259n az\u0131ndan faydal\u0131) bir \u00e7ox faktorlar \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tind\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0259qdird\u0259, avtoritar regressiyalar\u0131n \u0259ksikliyi daha \u00e7ox heyr\u0259tl\u0259ndirir. Avtokratiya il\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259 etdikd\u0259 demokratiyalarda i\u015f yerl\u0259rinin \u00e7oxlu\u011fu v\u0259 iqtisadi art\u0131m he\u00e7 d\u0259 h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k olmur: sosial b\u0259rab\u0259rlik v\u0259 g\u0259lirin payla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 he\u00e7 d\u0259 h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 inki\u015faf etmir: liderl\u0259r\u0259 inam tez-tez a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr: \u0259sas demokratik institutlar yerind\u0259 qalsalar da, “m\u0259d\u0259ni v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar”\u0131n h\u0259yati vacib say\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu, h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 diqq\u0259td\u0259 saxlan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r: \u0259n n\u0259hay\u0259t, ke\u00e7idl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 “asan” v\u0259 “\u00e7\u0259tin” hallar yaln\u0131z o hallara aid edil\u0259 bil\u0259r ki, hans\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n olur olsun orada demokratiyaya ke\u00e7idl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 h\u0259qiqi c\u0259hd edilib, bir-biril\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparan v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259si \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmayan a\u00e7\u0131q v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli “qurucu se\u00e7kil\u0259r” ke\u00e7irilib. K\u00f6hn\u0259 avtokratiyadan olan elitan\u0131n proses\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259t etdiyi hallar – demokratiyadan yay\u0131nmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn tipik olaraq m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 liberalla\u015fmaya izn verilm\u0259si – bura daxil deyil. Bu, o dem\u0259kdir ki, ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131ndak\u0131 ke\u00e7idl\u0259rd\u0259n s\u00f6hb\u0259t d\u00fc\u015f\u0259nd\u0259 M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiyadak\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r \u00e7\u0131xda\u015f edilm\u0259lidir v\u0259 yaln\u0131z T\u00fcrkiy\u0259, bir d\u0259 bu yax\u0131nlar\u0131n n\u00fcmun\u0259si olan Livan Orta \u015e\u0259rqi v\u0259 \u015eimali Afrikan\u0131 t\u0259dqiq ed\u0259n “tranzitoloqlar” t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n 2) Demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesi m\u0259nim g\u00fcman etdiyimd\u0259n daha asan oldu, h\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd onun n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 daha z\u0259ifdir. Elm adamlar\u0131 v\u0259 aktivistl\u0259r demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 lap \u0259vv\u0259lki c\u0259hdl\u0259rin n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rini n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alark\u0259n, bel\u0259 bir d\u0259yi\u015fikliyin iqtidar m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri, m\u00fclkiyy\u0259t h\u00fcquqlar\u0131, siyasi normalar, iqtisadi b\u0259rab\u0259rlik v\u0259 sosial status bax\u0131m\u0131ndan indiy\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259rki d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rd\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq daha s\u0259batl\u0131 yenilikl\u0259r\u0259 yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u0259yirdil\u0259r. Bu, “he\u00e7 n\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259yib” dem\u0259k deyil. \u0130nsan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131na h\u00f6rm\u0259t, iqtidar\u0131n v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flara daha l\u0259yaq\u0259tli r\u0259ftar etm\u0259si, \u015f\u0259xsi azadl\u0131q m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r ba\u015f verib v\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar bunu d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirirl\u0259r (d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rd\u0259 tez-tez ixtisarlar uy\u011fulansa da). Lakin bu faktorlar\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259tin daha uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259tli payla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t nizam\u0131na t\u0259siri m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 yeni demokratiyalar ke\u00e7mi\u015fd\u0259kil\u0259ri il\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7ox az m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tli olublar. B\u0259zi hallarda, \u0259sas\u0259n M\u0259rk\u0259zi, \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa v\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131 n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 yeni demokratiyalar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda duranlar\u0131n k\u00f6hn\u0259 avtokratiyalar\u0131 idar\u0259 etmi\u015f \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rl\u0259 \u00e7ox yax\u0131n \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri (b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 bundan da yax\u0131n) var. T\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcz\u0259 g\u0259tirin, Fransada, yaxud g\u0259nc AB\u015e-da h\u0259r k\u0259s\u0259 \u0259yan inqilablardan sonra monarxiya d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn qal\u0131qlar\u0131 olan r\u0259smil\u0259r sakit \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259z\u0259 respublikan\u0131n s\u0131ralar\u0131na qay\u0131d\u0131rlar.\n<\/p>\n

\n \"\"
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\n \u015e\u00fcbh\u0259siz, yax\u0131n n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r yetir\u0259nd\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin hesablanmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn vaxt \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259si \u00e7ox daral\u0131b v\u0259 ke\u00e7id \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn inqilab\u0131n ba\u015f ver\u0259c\u0259yi \u00e7\u0259tin ki tipik olsun. Terri Karl\u0131n v\u0259 m\u0259nim “raz\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f”, yaxud “t\u0259tbiq edilmi\u015f” ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiyimiz ke\u00e7idl\u0259rd\u0259n n\u0259tic\u0259 bax\u0131m\u0131ndan daha az \u015fey g\u00f6zl\u0259m\u0259kd\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b var. Bu c\u00fcr \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r daxilind\u0259 resurslar\u0131n payla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndak\u0131 g\u00fcc\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259sir\u0259 \u00e7evril\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k \u0259sasl\u0131 v\u0259 gerid\u00f6nm\u0259z d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r \u00e7ox, yaxud az d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 istisna edilir. Yaln\u0131zca qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 raz\u0131l\u0131q, yaxud bir t\u0259r\u0259fin t\u0259zyiqil\u0259 ba\u015f tutan ke\u00e7id bar\u0259d\u0259ki raz\u0131la\u015fma ba\u015fa \u00e7atandan sonra, d\u00fcpp\u0259d\u00fcz davam ed\u0259n demokratiyan\u0131n normal siyasi r\u0259qab\u0259t yoluyla d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r\u0259 nail ola bil\u0259c\u0259yini g\u00f6zl\u0259nil\u0259 bil\u0259r. Birisi \u00e7\u0131x\u0131b dey\u0259 bil\u0259r ki, yeni demokratiyalara konsalidasiya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn vaxt laz\u0131md\u0131r; yaln\u0131z bundan sonra r\u0259qab\u0259tli t\u0259zyiql\u0259r\u0259 cavab olaraq payla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lan n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r ortaya \u00e7\u0131xma\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n 3) Demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesi g\u00f6zl\u0259ndiyind\u0259n daha asan ba\u015fa g\u0259lmi\u015fdi, \u00e7\u00fcnki o, g\u00f6zl\u0259nil\u0259nd\u0259n daha az n\u0259tic\u0259 do\u011furdu. \u0130lkin ke\u00e7idl\u0259rin qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nliyi \u0259rzind\u0259 bunu he\u00e7 kim bil\u0259 bilm\u0259zdi – m\u0259n d\u0259 bilm\u0259mi\u015fdim. Portuqaliya n\u00fcmun\u0259si ba\u015fqa \u015feyi t\u0259klif edirdi. M\u0259n \u00e7ox sonradan ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcm ki, o, nec\u0259 d\u0259 istisna bir vaqi\u0259 imi\u015f v\u0259 onun n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri nec\u0259 d\u0259 efemer imi\u015f. \u0130spaniya v\u0259 sonra b\u0259zi Lat\u0131n Amerika n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri g\u00f6st\u0259rdi ki, sosial c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n dominant, iqtisadi c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n imtiyazl\u0131 olan t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259nin demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259d\u0259n ilkin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u0259nd\u0259n daha az qorxusu var. Portuqaliyada i\u015fl\u0259r qaydas\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u0259nd\u0259n v\u0259 SSR\u0130 \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fckd\u0259n sonra ayd\u0131n oldu ki, demokratik \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r alt\u0131ndak\u0131 siyasi azadl\u0131qlar v\u0259 partiyalar aras\u0131 r\u0259qab\u0259t n\u0259 \u00e7oxlu\u011fun tiranl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, n\u0259 d\u0259 azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n radikalla\u015fmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. \u0130qtidardak\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r siyas\u0259td\u0259 v\u0259 faydalar\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda g\u00fccl\u00fc t\u0259lat\u00fcm\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olmad\u0131. M\u0259nim sezgil\u0259rim bel\u0259dir ki, bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n art\u0131q sars\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6yr\u0259ndiyimiz d\u0259rsl\u0259rdi. Bir zamanlar avtokratiyan\u0131 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 ed\u0259nl\u0259r maraqlar\u0131n\u0131n avtoritarizmd\u0259ns\u0259 demokratiyada daha yax\u015f\u0131 qorunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259rk etdil\u0259r – \u00fcst\u0259lik sonradan zorak\u0131 represiyaya, beyn\u0259lxalq r\u0259zal\u0259t\u0259 v\u0259 buna b\u0259nz\u0259r \u015feyl\u0259r\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olacaq itkil\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalmayacaqd\u0131lar.\n<\/p>\n

\n 4) H\u0259qiqi m\u00f6vcud demokratiya h\u0259m ondan faydalananlar\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 biz akademikl\u0259ri x\u0259yal q\u0131r\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131b. 1974-c\u00fc ild\u0259n b\u0259ri demokratikl\u0259\u015f\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131q bax\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyi performans m\u0259yusluq do\u011furur. M\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r “demokratiya” s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u0259n \u00e7ox uy\u011fun g\u0259l\u0259n ki\u00e7ildici sif\u0259ti tapmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131b \u00e7abalay\u0131rlar: o, q\u00fcsurludur, se\u00e7icidir, yar\u0131m\u00e7\u0131qd\u0131r, psevdodur, az-intensivdir, \u0259ld\u0259qay\u0131rmad\u0131r, s\u00fcnidir, yoxsa n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259li? Bu ad qoyma c\u0259hdl\u0259ri \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 sor\u011fular\u0131nda g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259kl\u0259 \u00fcmumi t\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcrat\u0131n yaranmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olub, bel\u0259 ki, son 25 ild\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n rejim d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259ri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 keyfiyy\u0259tli rejiml\u0259rin yaranmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olub ki, onlar da \u00f6d\u0259nil\u0259n qurbanlara v\u0259 t\u00f6k\u00fcl\u0259n qanlara d\u0259ymirl\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Burda qeyd edilm\u0259si lab\u00fcd olan birinci \u015fey bu c\u00fcr x\u0259yal q\u0131r\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0259tin ki, t\u0259kc\u0259 yeni demokratiyalarla m\u0259hdudla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. H\u0259tta oturu\u015fmu\u015f demokratiyalarda da “x\u0259st\u0259lik simptomlar\u0131” yay\u011f\u0131nd\u0131r. Dem\u0259k olar, h\u0259r yerd\u0259 se\u00e7ici i\u015ftirak\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcb, h\u0259m\u00e7inin birliy\u0259 \u00fczvl\u00fck d\u0259, siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rin prestiji, parlamentl\u0259rin q\u0259bul olunmu\u015f vacibliyi, partiya kimliyinin g\u00fcc\u00fc, se\u00e7ici \u00fcst\u00fcntutmalar\u0131n\u0131n sabitliyi v\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259r ictimai institutlara olan inam da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcb. M\u00fcbahis\u0259l\u0259rin, korrupsiya ittihamlar\u0131n\u0131n (v\u0259 h\u00f6kml\u0259rinin) v\u0259 populist anti-partiya namiz\u0259dl\u0259rinin say\u0131nda is\u0259 art\u0131m var. Bunu b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckd\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n “b\u00f6hran\u0131” adland\u0131rmaq \u015fi\u015firtm\u0259 olard\u0131, lakin heyratamiz d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259r yer\u0259 yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f simptomlar demokratiya institutlar\u0131nda v\u0259 t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u00fcmumi bir q\u00fcsurun ola bil\u0259c\u0259yini g\u00f6st\u0259rir (ancaq s\u00fcbut etmir). Kommunizmin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc v\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n yay\u011f\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, k\u00f6k\u00fcnd\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n qalibiyy\u0259ti olan “tarixin sonu”nu g\u0259tirm\u0259di. A\u00e7\u0131q d\u0259nizl\u0259rd\u0259 rahatca \u00fczm\u0259k bir t\u0259r\u0259f\u0259 qals\u0131n, bu g\u00fcn h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n m\u00f6vcud olan demokratiyalar t\u0259nqid qas\u0131r\u011falar\u0131na h\u0259d\u0259f olurlar.\n<\/p>\n

\n 5) H\u0259qiqi m\u00f6vcud demokratiyan\u0131n son zamanlarda g\u0259ldiyi n\u00f6qt\u0259 x\u00fcsusil\u0259 x\u0259yal q\u0131r\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarada bil\u0259r, ancaq bu m\u0259mnuniyy\u0259tsizliyin t\u0259siri onu t\u0259hdid edirmi\u015f kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcr. N\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131n se\u00e7ilmi\u015f liderl\u0259r\u0259 bel ba\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rd\u0259n b\u0259rbad adamlarm\u0131\u015f kimi qa\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259rqi yoxdur, demokratiyadan ba\u015fqa d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurulu\u015funa k\u00fctl\u0259vi bir canatma il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 he\u00e7 bir i\u015fart\u0131 yoxdur, qeyri-demokratik partiyalara v\u0259 siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q-a\u015fkar r\u0259\u011fb\u0259t is\u0259 \u00e7ox c\u00fczidir. Ke\u00e7mi\u015fl\u0259rd\u0259 tez-tez demokratiyan\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fcrm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u00fccd\u0259n v\u0259 qorxudan istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r k\u0259skin d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 yoxa \u00e7\u0131x\u0131blar. Bir zamanlar rejim d\u0259yi\u015filiyini t\u0259tikl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 kifay\u0259t ed\u0259c\u0259k iqtisadi v\u0259 sosial b\u00f6hranlar indi sad\u0259c\u0259 olaraq se\u00e7kili siyas\u0259ti silk\u0259l\u0259yir, yaxud se\u00e7ilmi\u015f r\u0259smil\u0259rin qeyri-m\u00fcnt\u0259z\u0259m d\u0259yi\u015film\u0259sin\u0259 v\u0259 ba\u015fqalar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u0259v\u0259z olunmas\u0131na r\u0259vac verir.\n<\/p>\n

\n M\u00fcqayis\u0259li sor\u011fu t\u0259dqiqat\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, haz\u0131rk\u0131 idar\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 m\u00f6vcud institutlara olan inam h\u0259dsiz a\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r (“g\u00fccl\u00fc \u0259l”i olan avtokratik liderl\u0259r\u0259 olan m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n nostalgiya da m\u0259lum deyil), ancaq bunlardan he\u00e7 biri avtoritar regressiyaya r\u0259vac verm\u0259kd\u0259n ba\u015fqa bir \u015fey ed\u0259 bilm\u0259z. H\u0259tta obyektiv iqtisadi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r u\u011furlu olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 (Braziliya, \u00c7in, Macar\u0131stan v\u0259 Pol\u015fa) subyektiv d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirm\u0259l\u0259r demokratiyaya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 performans d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259si verir, ancaq bununla bel\u0259, ham\u0131 bunun avtokratiyan\u0131n geri qay\u0131daca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na g\u0259lm\u0259diyini bilir. Lat\u0131n Amerikas\u0131nda bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t avtogolplar (“\u00d6z\u00fcn\u00fc-devirm\u0259” (self-coup) yoluyla se\u00e7ilmi\u015f liderl\u0259r \u00f6z hakimiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini g\u00fccl\u0259ndirir v\u0259 \u00f6zl\u0259rinin hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 qalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0259b\u0259dil\u0259\u015fdirirdil\u0259r) \u0259sas t\u0259hdid kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r, ancaq bu qambitl\u0259r olduqca tez iflasa u\u011frad\u0131. Z\u0259nnimc\u0259, bu “siyasi dinamikan\u0131n ikinci qanunu” adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m m\u0259fhumun m\u0259hsuludur – y\u0259ni, he\u00e7 bir rejim onun alternativi olmay\u0131ncaya q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259yi\u015fikliy\u0259 v\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z olunmaya u\u011fram\u0131r. H\u0259qiqi m\u00f6vcud demokratiya n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r sevilmirs\u0259 sevilm\u0259sin, inan\u0131lan v\u0259 c\u0259lbedici alternativ idar\u0259 formas\u0131 olmay\u0131ncaya q\u0259d\u0259r, yegan\u0259 variant olaraq qalacaq.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bundan ba\u015fqa, bunun demokratiyan\u0131n daxili q\u00fcsuru olub-olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesab etm\u0259k \u0259n \u0259n az\u0131ndan m\u00fcbahis\u0259lidir. Demokratiya n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259\u00e7il\u0259ri (demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259\u00e7il\u0259ri yox) demokratik stabilliyin qruplararas\u0131 tolerantl\u0131\u011f\u0131, institutlara olan inam\u0131 v\u0259 g\u00fcz\u0259\u015ft etm\u0259y\u0259 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 ehtiva ed\u0259n “v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti” m\u0259fhumunun \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu hesab etm\u0259y\u0259 meyillidirl\u0259r. Bu g\u00fcn bizim yeni demokratiyalarda m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 etdiyimiz tendensiya is\u0259 siyasi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn daha \u00e7ox sinik olmas\u0131d\u0131r, n\u0259inki “m\u0259d\u0259ni”. M\u0259nim bu bar\u0259d\u0259 sezgil\u0259rim v\u0259 \u00fcmidl\u0259rim var. Sezgim bel\u0259dir ki, bu, bir vaxtlar bizim g\u00fcman etdiyimizin \u0259ksin\u0259 olaraq da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li situasiya deyil. \u00dcmidim is\u0259 onad\u0131r ki, \u0259g\u0259r idar\u0259 ed\u0259n elitalar r\u0259qab\u0259tcil siyas\u0259t oyununu (h\u0259tta q\u00fcsurlu formada olsa bel\u0259) on be\u015f, iyirmi il oynama\u011fa davam ets\u0259l\u0259r, o zaman n\u00f6vb\u0259ti b\u00f6hran \u00e7ox g\u00fcman ki, demokratiyan\u0131n f\u0259rqli c\u00fcr sub-n\u00f6v\u00fcyl\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259n\u0259c\u0259k, n\u0259inki qeyri-demokratik rejiml\u0259. Bir s\u00f6zl\u0259, demokratiyaya olan qeyri-m\u0259mnunluq avtokratiya il\u0259 deyil, demokratiyan\u0131n daha f\u0259qli v\u0259 \u00e7ox g\u00fcman daha yax\u015f\u0131 formas\u0131na g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xaracaq.\n<\/p>\n

\n 6. Demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesi “post-totalitarizm”l\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 “post-avtoritar” t\u0259rtibatda f\u0259rqli ola bil\u0259r, lakin m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisil\u0259rin t\u0259xmin etdiyi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 yox. \u0130yirmi il \u0259vv\u0259l post-kommunist d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sinin kommunizmd\u0259n f\u0259rqli olan \u00fcsul idar\u0259nin h\u00f6kmran oldu\u011fu d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sind\u0259n daha \u00e7\u0259tin oldu\u011funu g\u00fcman etm\u0259k a\u011flabatan idi. Birinci d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r h\u0259r \u015feyd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l t\u0259kc\u0259 siyasi islahatlara deyil, h\u0259m\u00e7inin b\u00f6y\u00fck iqtisadi, sosial, h\u0259tta m\u0259d\u0259ni, yaxud m\u0259n\u0259vi transformasiyalara ehityac duyurdular ki, onill\u0259r s\u00fcr\u0259n h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli v\u0259 ideoloji kollektivizmd\u0259n xilas ola bilsinl\u0259r. H\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd bu geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ehtimal s\u0259hv \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. Tamam t\u0259rsi, M\u0259rk\u0259zi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa, h\u0259tta ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131n\u0131n daha q\u0259rbi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin avtokratiyadan uzaqla\u015faraq demokratiyan\u0131n konsolidasiyas\u0131na asanca nail olduqlar\u0131 isbat olundu – daha c\u0259ld v\u0259 \u0259sasl\u0131 oldu\u011funu bildirm\u0259y\u0259 ehtiyac yoxdur – h\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd bu proses Lat\u0131n Amerikas\u0131nda v\u0259 C\u0259nubi Avropada daha uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t davam etmi\u015fdi. Postkommunizm bar\u0259d\u0259 proqnoz veril\u0259n d\u0259h\u015f\u0259tl\u0259rin v\u0259 dilemmalar\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frultmad\u0131. Kims\u0259 m\u00fcbahis\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259r ki, bu q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r\u0259 nail olmaq \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckd\u00fcr. Bu yeni idar\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 geni\u015f siyasi m\u0259kan verdi, burada onlar ke\u00e7mi\u015fin qal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan g\u00fccl\u00fc elitalarla s\u00f6vd\u0259l\u0259\u015fm\u0259 apara v\u0259 g\u00fcz\u0259\u015ftl\u0259r\u0259 nail ola bil\u0259rdil\u0259r – “pul qazanmaq ist\u0259yirs\u0259ns\u0259, hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 olan iddiadan vaz ke\u00e7” bu g\u00fcz\u0259\u015ftl\u0259rd\u0259n sad\u0259c\u0259 biriydi. Etnik zorak\u0131 partlay\u0131\u015flar \u0259sas\u0259n bir zamanlar\u0131n Yuqoslaviyas\u0131 daxilind\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131, burada sovet-saya\u011f\u0131 totalitar idar\u0259\u00e7ilik v\u0259 siyasi m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t idi ki, t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl ya\u015fay\u0131rd\u0131. Qeyri-demokratik rejiml\u0259rin d\u0259rhal (Be\u015f M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiya d\u00f6vl\u0259ti), yaxud q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259tlik r\u0259qab\u0259tli interluddan sonra (Rusiya, Belarus) \u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 yer etdikl\u0259ri \u00f6rn\u0259kl\u0259r\u0259 g\u0259ldikd\u0259 is\u0259 burada ke\u00e7idl\u0259r m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tsizliy\u0259 u\u011framam\u0131\u015fd\u0131 – h\u0259qiq\u0259t buydu ki, burada ke\u00e7id\u0259 ciddi sur\u0259td\u0259 c\u0259hd bel\u0259 edilm\u0259mi\u015fdi, sad\u0259c\u0259 \u00f6zl\u0259rini milliy\u0259t\u00e7i v\u0259 sosial demokrat kimi t\u0259qdim etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flayan ke\u00e7mi\u015f kommunistl\u0259r n\u0259zar\u0259ti \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irdil\u0259r, onlar qeyri-r\u0259qab\u0259tcil se\u00e7kil\u0259ri uddular v\u0259 \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n m\u00f6vcud olan t\u0259\u015fkilati \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259rd\u0259n \u00f6zl\u0259rini hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 saxlamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn sui-istifad\u0259 etdil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n 7. K\u00f6hn\u0259 rejimin elitas\u0131yla m\u00fcxalif\u0259t qrupu aras\u0131nda raz\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lan sazi\u015f q\u0131sa, yaxud orta m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fiklik yarad\u0131bm\u0131\u015f kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259r, lakin onlar\u0131n uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u0259rzind\u0259 effetiv olaca\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259lidir. Hakim elitan\u0131n “t\u0259tbiq etdiyi” ke\u00e7idl\u0259rl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, 1974-c\u00fc ild\u0259n b\u0259ri “sazi\u015f”\u0259 \u0259saslanan ke\u00e7idl\u0259r demokratik ke\u00e7idin yay\u011f\u0131n formalar\u0131 olan inqilab v\u0259 islahatlar\u0131 sayca \u00f6t\u00fcb ke\u00e7ib. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 sazi\u015f ke\u00e7idl\u0259ri il\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olunan ke\u00e7idl\u0259rin birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n problemi qeyd etm\u0259kd\u0259 fayda var: onlar\u0131n h\u0259r ikisinin m\u00f6vcud olan toxunulmazl\u0131qlar\u0131 “bloklamaq” v\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n islahatlar\u0131 s\u0259rtl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k tendensiyas\u0131 var. Bel\u0259 paktlara \u0259saslanan demokratiyan\u0131n g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yi bax\u0131m\u0131ndan z\u0259r\u0259rli olan m\u0259qam odur ki, o, elitan\u0131 raz\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sazi\u015fi ilkin qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n vaxta q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259xir\u0259 salma\u011fa v\u0259 partiyalar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 s\u00f6vd\u0259l\u0259\u015fm\u0259ni g\u00fccl\u0259ndirm\u0259y\u0259 tamahs\u0131land\u0131r\u0131r, bunlar da ki, korrupsiyaya v\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f m\u0259yuslu\u011funa s\u0259b\u0259b olan m\u0259qamlard\u0131r. Klassik sazi\u015f ke\u00e7idi \u00f6rn\u0259yi hesab olunan Venesuala bel\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259rli meyill\u0259ri yax\u015f\u0131 ifad\u0259 edir.\n<\/p>\n

\n 8. Siyasi partiyalar \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r, h\u0259tta ke\u00e7id zaman\u0131 ad\u0259t\u0259n z\u0259if rol oynasalar da, g\u00f6zl\u0259ndiyinin \u0259ksin\u0259 olaraq, demokratik stabilliy\u0259 az t\u00f6hv\u0259 vers\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259. Partiyalars\u0131z he\u00e7 bir bir demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesi ba\u015f tuta bilm\u0259z, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 se\u00e7kil\u0259r\u0259 q\u0259rar verildikd\u0259n sonra. Yax\u015f\u0131, ya da pis, \u0259razi kimi m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015f b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259msilcilik \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn r\u0259qab\u0259tin strukturla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda partiyalar \u0259v\u0259zsiz rol oynay\u0131rlar. “T\u0259m\u0259l se\u00e7kil\u0259r”in effektli olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6tr\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn potensial partiyalar\u0131n se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 i\u015ftirak\u0131na izn verilm\u0259li v\u0259 onlar\u0131n he\u00e7 bir istisnas\u0131z \u00f6z namiz\u0259dl\u0259rini se\u00e7m\u0259sin\u0259 \u015f\u0259rait yarad\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f qanunlardan as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq, sonrak\u0131 se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 partiyalar\u0131n \u00e7oxald\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259lum olacaq, lakin bu ilkin yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131n (Gilyermo il\u0259 m\u0259n bunu “v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f orgiyalar\u0131” adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f\u0131q) effekti uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u00f6z t\u0259sirini g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259c\u0259k. Demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259nin \u0259vv\u0259lki dal\u011falar\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan ba\u015f tutan inqilablar t\u0259k, dominant partiya istehsal etm\u0259y\u0259 meyilli olublar, bunlar uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 qalm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 rejimin yeni qaydalar\u0131n\u0131n formala\u015fmas\u0131nda a\u00e7ar rolu oynay\u0131blar. Bu yax\u0131nlarda is\u0259 sazi\u015f\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259tbiq edilm\u0259y\u0259 hesablanm\u0131\u015f ke\u00e7idl\u0259r daha \u00e7ox yay\u011f\u0131nla\u015fma\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131b v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif q\u0131sam\u00fcdd\u0259tli n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r ortaya qoyublar. Sazi\u015fl\u0259r bir-biriyl\u0259 anla\u015fan iki partiyal\u0131 sisteml\u0259r yaratma\u011fa meyillidir; t\u0259tbiq edilmi\u015f ke\u00e7id ad\u0259t\u0259n daha \u00e7ox fraqmentl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f siyasi partiya m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259si yarad\u0131r – bu siyasi g\u00fccl\u0259rin aras\u0131nda \u0259n az\u0131ndan biri ke\u00e7mi\u015f avtokratiyaya m\u00fcxalif dayan\u0131r. G\u00f6zl\u0259nilm\u0259z n\u0259tic\u0259 ondan ibar\u0259tdir ki, avtoritar geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn v\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n konsalidasiyan\u0131n \u0259ng\u0259ll\u0259m\u0259sin\u0259 g\u0259ldikd\u0259, h\u0259r iki variant i\u015fl\u0259yir. Bu \u00e7ox t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fc m\u0259qamd\u0131r, n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131n ki, yeni partiyalar \u0259ks\u0259r vaxt m\u0259hdud t\u0259r\u0259fdarlar\u0131yla, \u00f6zl\u0259rini maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k bax\u0131m\u0131ndan m\u0259hdud resurslar\u0131yla, ictimaiyy\u0259tin inam\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259tini qazanmaq m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 z\u0259if olurlar. Lat\u0131n Amerikas\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropan\u0131n yeni demokratiyalar\u0131 bir se\u00e7kid\u0259n dig\u0259rin\u0259 rekordlar q\u0131ran partiya buxarlanmalar\u0131na \u015fahid olub, h\u0259m\u00e7inin y\u00fcks\u0259k d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 partiya do\u011fumlar\u0131 v\u0259 \u00f6l\u00fcml\u0259ri ba\u015f tutub. V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar g\u00fccl\u00fc siyasi maraq v\u0259 olduqca a\u00e7\u0131q t\u0259rcihl\u0259r edirl\u0259r, ancaq bunu stabil t\u0259r\u0259fda\u015f kimliyin\u0259 \u00e7evirm\u0259kd\u0259 problem ya\u015fay\u0131rlar. 1974-c\u00fc ild\u0259n b\u0259ri “t\u0259m\u0259l se\u00e7kil\u0259r”d\u0259 qalib g\u0259l\u0259n partiyalar sonrak\u0131 m\u00fcdd\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 qalib g\u0259lm\u0259y\u0259 nadir hallarda nail olublar. Hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 g\u00fcc d\u0259yi\u015fikliyi qayda hal\u0131na g\u0259lib. Ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259 des\u0259k, yeni demokratiyalar\u0131n \u00e7oxu m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259nmi\u015f se\u00e7ki sistemin\u0259 malik olmasalar da, rejim kimi m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259nm\u0259kl\u0259 ekspertl\u0259ri “\u015foka sal\u0131blar”.\n<\/p>\n

\n 9. Demokratik ke\u00e7id v\u0259 konsalidasiya il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 \u0259d\u0259biyyatda v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti \u00e7ox n\u00fcfuzlu v\u0259 r\u0259\u011fb\u0259t do\u011furan m\u00f6vqe tutur, ancaq bu qar\u0131\u015f\u0131q bir nem\u0259t ola bil\u0259r. Onun m\u00f6hk\u0259m olmas\u0131 h\u0259r iki prosesin u\u011furlu olmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259yati \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli hesab edilir. “Klassik” islahat ke\u00e7idl\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xda\u015f edilmi\u015f v\u0259 ya marjinal qruplar\u0131n t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n m\u0259mnuniyy\u0259tsizlik ifad\u0259 ed\u0259n t\u0259hdidl\u0259ri (amma qeyri-zorak\u0131) elitan\u0131n g\u00fcz\u0259\u015ft\u0259 getm\u0259sini t\u0259tikl\u0259yirdi. Ke\u00e7id ba\u015f tutanda bu t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n yeni qaydalar \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 oynamaq h\u0259v\u0259si \u00e7ox g\u00fcman rejimin stabilliyini t\u0259min edir. V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti Filippind\u0259, C\u0259nubi Koreyada, Peruda v\u0259 \u00c7exoslavakiyada, sonralar is\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u0131n v\u0259 Ukraynan\u0131n “r\u0259ngli inqilablar\u0131”nda vacib rol oynay\u0131b, h\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd konsalidasiyan\u0131 deyil, ke\u00e7idi g\u00fccl\u0259ndir\u0259n m\u0259fhum kimi. 1974-c\u00fc ild\u0259n b\u0259ri ba\u015f tutan ke\u00e7idl\u0259rin \u0259ks\u0259r n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259sas\u0259n “sazi\u015f” v\u0259 “t\u0259tbiq olunmu\u015f” t\u0259may\u00fcll\u00fc olub, bunlarda da ki v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin rolu o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 ayd\u0131n deyil. V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti d\u0259yi\u015fikliyin vaxt\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259bi\u0259tini se\u00e7\u0259 bilm\u0259zdi, \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 halda v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259kil\u0259ri repressiyalar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r ver\u0259c\u0259yin\u0259 inand\u0131rmaqla, k\u00f6hn\u0259 rejimin m\u00fclayim qanad\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fclayim m\u00fcxalif\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rin bir masa arxas\u0131nda oturmas\u0131nda dolay\u0131 rol oynay\u0131b. Ke\u00e7id ba\u015flayan kimi is\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti idar\u0259\u00e7il\u0259ri b\u0259sit liberalizasiyan\u0131n v\u0259 olduqca m\u0259hdud se\u00e7kil\u0259rin komfort zonas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131xarmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259r oldu.\n<\/p>\n

\n Ancaq v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti gizli v\u0259 x\u0259bis rol da oynaya bil\u0259r. Yuqoslaviyada v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin (yaxud c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin) bir-birin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n olan etnik qruplarla birlikd\u0259 s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259r olmas\u0131 uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f qald\u0131rmas\u0131na r\u0259vac vermi\u015fdi. Buna b\u0259nz\u0259r \u015fey SSR\u0130 \u00e7\u00f6km\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flayanda da ba\u015f verdi, Baltik v\u0259 Qafqaz regionlar\u0131 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin mill\u0259t\u00e7i iddialarla \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f etdiyin\u0259, b\u0259z\u0259n g\u00fccd\u0259n istifad\u0259 etdiyin\u0259 \u015fahid oldu. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259 el\u0259 hallar olur ki, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259r olunmas\u0131 yeni qaydalar\u0131n q\u0259bul olunmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 dayan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0259tinl\u0259\u015fdirir.\n<\/p>\n

\n 10. Parlamentarizm, desentralizasiya (federasiya) v\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259t v\u0259 t\u0259fti\u015f (\u00fcfiqi hesabatl\u0131l\u0131q) u\u011furlu konsalidasiyan\u0131n m\u00f6c\u00fcz\u0259vi inqredientl\u0259ri hesab olunub, lakin bir \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r f\u0259rqli c\u00fcr institutlar se\u00e7ibl\u0259r v\u0259 u\u011fura nail olublar. Son 25 ild\u0259 institutlar m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 m\u0259n bir \u015fey \u00f6yr\u0259nmi\u015f\u0259ms\u0259, o da m\u00f6c\u00fcz\u0259i formula deyil\u0259n bir \u015feyin olmamas\u0131d\u0131r – bir \u015fey h\u0259r yerd\u0259 ke\u00e7\u0259rli deyil. Lat\u0131n Amerika h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259ri prezidentalizm d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 pis deyildil\u0259r, z\u0259nnimc\u0259, bunu g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcbut regionun daha \u00e7ox m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 korrupsiya v\u0259 etnik m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin say\u0131n\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. M\u0259rk\u0259zi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 parlamentarizm, yaxud yar\u0131-prezidentlik m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 pis deyildil\u0259r, federalizm is\u0259 \u00c7exoslavakiyada, Yuqoslaviyada v\u0259 SSR\u0130-d\u0259 par\u00e7alanmalara g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131. Avropa Birliyi g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k \u00fczvl\u0259rd\u0259n daha \u00e7ox regional muxtariyy\u0259t v\u0259 \u00fcfiqi hesabatl\u0131l\u0131q t\u0259l\u0259b edirdi, ancaq bunun AB-y\u0259 \u00fczvl\u00fcy\u00fcn \u00fcmumi t\u0259sirind\u0259n (v\u0259 \u0259lb\u0259tt\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcn tutulan) ba\u015fqa n\u0259 kimi d\u0259yi\u015fikliy\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu\u011funu dem\u0259k \u00e7\u0259tindir. Prezitentilizmin, m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fm\u0259nin g\u00fccl\u00fc olub, \u00fcst\u0259g\u0259l n\u0259zar\u0259t v\u0259 t\u0259fti\u015fin m\u0259hdud oldu\u011fu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 c\u0259hd\u0259ri u\u011fursuzluqla yadda qal\u0131b (Erm\u0259nistan, Belarus, M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiya v\u0259 Rusiya), problem bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r institutla deyil, eks-kommunist elitas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259lind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck hakimiyy\u0259t c\u0259ml\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259sind\u0259 idi. Demokratiyayla dost olmayan bu institutlar s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259r deyil, simptomlard\u0131r. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, institutlar m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 se\u00e7im etm\u0259yin d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu\u011fu n\u0259tic\u0259sin\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259k olar (v\u0259 bu ke\u00e7idin \u00fcsuluyla, yaxud onun yoxlu\u011fuyla \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r), amma bu, b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 eyni d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olmur.\n<\/p>\n

\n 11. Demokratiyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn iqtisadi v\u0259 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u0259l \u00f6n\u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda \u0259n vacib diqq\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259n m\u0259qam milli kimlik v\u0259 s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259r m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sini birinci \u015fey kimi ir\u0259li s\u00fcrm\u0259kdir. Demokratiyan\u0131n t\u0259bi\u0259t\u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li oldu\u011funu, \u00e7\u00fcnki onun etnolinqvist g\u0259rginlik yaradaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u0259n anlay\u0131\u015f geni\u015f yay\u0131l\u0131b v\u0259 b\u0259z\u0259n bu demokratiya n\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 s\u0131naqdan ke\u00e7irilm\u0259m\u0259lidir iddias\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b kimi g\u00f6st\u0259rilir. Bu \u0259lb\u0259tt\u0259 m\u0259hz o hald\u0131r ki, demokratik mexanizml\u0259r kiml\u0259rin demosa \u00fczv oldu\u011funu a\u015fkarlamaqdan \u00f6tr\u00fc istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259m\u0259lidir v\u0259 onlar yaln\u0131z nadir hallarda m\u00fcbahis\u0259li s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259sind\u0259 faydal\u0131 ola bil\u0259rl\u0259r. Gilyermo il\u0259 kitab\u0131mda biz buna diqq\u0259t yetirm\u0259mi\u015fik. 1970-l\u0259rin C\u0259nubi Avropas\u0131nda v\u0259 Lat\u0131n Amerikas\u0131nda s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rl\u0259 v\u0259 kimlikl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 suallar (\u0130spaniyada basklar kimi x\u0131rda n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r istisnad\u0131rlar) geni\u015f yay\u0131lmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Sonralar h\u0259dsiz m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f bir ne\u00e7\u0259 And \u00f6lk\u0259sind\u0259 etnik c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259r olunmu\u015f siyas\u0259tin y\u00fcks\u0259lm\u0259si m\u0259ni t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u0259ndirdi. Bu s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259rlikl\u0259r siyas\u0259ti daha da t\u0259lat\u00fcml\u00fc etdi etm\u0259yin\u0259, ancaq m\u00f6vcud demokratiyan\u0131 t\u0259hdid etm\u0259di. M\u0259rk\u0259zi, \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa v\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f SSR\u0130-d\u0259 “Mill\u0259t” anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 daha g\u00f6z\u0259\u00e7arpan bir \u015fey hal\u0131na g\u0259ldi. Bununla bel\u0259, \u0259n b\u0259rbad n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r istisna olmaqla, etnolinqvistik n\u00fcbahis\u0259l\u0259r demokratiyan\u0131n konsalidasiyaya do\u011fru getm\u0259sini \u0259ng\u0259ll\u0259m\u0259di, s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259r m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 raz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u0259ld\u0259 olunmas\u0131na mane olmad\u0131. \u015e\u00fcbh\u0259siz ki, g\u0259rginlikl\u0259r qal\u0131r, ancaq bu da m\u0259lum olur ki, \u0259g\u0259r \u0259vv\u0259ld\u0259n t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259d\u0259n ke\u00e7irilirs\u0259, demokratiya milli demos istehsal etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u00fccl\u00fc vasit\u0259dir, h\u0259tta o, daxili s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri i\u00e7ind\u0259 nisbi muxtariyy\u0259t verm\u0259kl\u0259 \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 kimlik qruplar\u0131n\u0131 birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259 bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n 12. \u00d6z\u0259ll\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259 v\u0259 qloballa\u015fma il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 neoliberal entuziazma baxmayaraq, demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 – qanun \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 ictimai basq\u0131 t\u0259tbiq ed\u0259 bil\u0259n v\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n \u0259razid\u0259 kollektiv q\u0259rarlar h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259 bil\u0259n siyasi birliy\u0259 – y\u0259ni d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 bel ba\u011flay\u0131r. Baxmayaraq ki, d\u00f6vl\u0259tsiz demokratiyan\u0131n m\u00f6vcud olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dem\u0259k \u015fi\u015firtm\u0259 olard\u0131, b\u00f6y\u00fck ehtimalla v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar \u00f6zl\u0259rini qorumaq v\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259batlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn vahid, resurslarla bol v\u0259 daimi administrativ aparat\u0131n m\u00f6vcud olmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259rdil\u0259r. M\u00fcasir d\u00fcnyadak\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r – demokratik, yaxud avtokratik, qanuni, yaxud qeyri-qanuni – sa\u011f qalmaqdan \u00f6tr\u00fc m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 “d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7iliy\u0259” ehtiyac duyurlar (avtokratik v\u0259 qeyri-qanunil\u0259ri m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 buna daha \u00e7ox m\u00f6htacd\u0131rlar). Q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 yeni demokratiyalar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n problematik olan c\u0259h\u0259t ke\u00e7id zaman\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7iliyin q\u0259fild\u0259n t\u0259n\u0259z\u00fcl\u0259 u\u011framas\u0131 ehtimal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u0259z\u0259likc\u0259 boyunduruqdan \u00e7xm\u0131\u015f v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar rejim d\u0259yi\u015fikliyini vergil\u0259ri \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259m\u0259k v\u0259 qanunlara riay\u0259t etm\u0259m\u0259k azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u0259hv sala bil\u0259rl\u0259r. Avtokratiyalarda bir qayda olaraq cinay\u0259t v\u0259 korrupsiya bar\u0259d\u0259 \u0259trafl\u0131 m\u0259lumat verilmir, buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 azad informasiya ax\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131narda demokratiyada v\u0259ziyy\u0259t pis g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259r. Dem\u0259k olar, b\u00fct\u00fcn yeni demokratiyalar bel\u0259 bir narahat perioddan ke\u00e7irl\u0259r v\u0259 sa\u011fal\u0131rlar (bir qayda olaraq, cinay\u0259t v\u0259 korrupsiya konsalidasiyal\u0131 demokratiyada avtokratiyadak\u0131ndan daha az olur). Vacib olan dig\u0259r m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7ilik deyil, onun ideal t\u0259bi\u0259ti v\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00f6qt\u0259dir. Bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r el\u0259 normal demokratik siyasi r\u0259qab\u0259tin \u0259sas m\u0259\u011fzini t\u0259\u015fkil edir.\n<\/p>\n

\n 13. Liberalizasiya bir \u00e7ox hallarda demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259ni \u00f6t\u00fcb ke\u00e7\u0259 bil\u0259r, ancaq o, demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259nin n\u0259tic\u0259sin\u0259 olduqca az t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Gilyermo v\u0259 m\u0259n liberalizasiya v\u0259 sonrak\u0131 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 aras\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259d\u0259 diri v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rolu vur\u011fulam\u0131\u015fd\u0131q. H\u0259tta ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 bel\u0259 bu ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131q \u0259sas\u0259n \u00f6z \u0259ksini tap\u0131b. Ke\u00e7id zaman\u0131nda \u0259ks\u0259r kommunist rejiml\u0259ri kommunist partiyalar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259ld\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcb geri add\u0131m atd\u0131lar, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar is\u0259 getdikc\u0259 daha inadla f\u0259rdi h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259b etm\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 ona h\u00f6rm\u0259t edilm\u0259sin\u0259 nail oldular. \u00c7exoslavakiya, Rum\u0131niya v\u0259 b\u0259zi eks-Sovet respublikalar\u0131 f\u0259rqli ke\u00e7id t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 bir-birind\u0259n f\u0259rql\u0259nm\u0259kl\u0259 bel\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr istisna olublar. Liberalizasiya v\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 aras\u0131nda ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131qda sual do\u011furan m\u0259qam Orta \u015e\u0259rq v\u0259 \u015eimali Afrika avtokratlar\u0131n\u0131n liberalizasiya il\u0259 oyuncaq kimi oynay\u0131b, sonra onu he\u00e7 bir problemsiz k\u0259nara atmalar\u0131 idi. \u018fr\u0259b-\u0130slam v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin n\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 bel\u0259 s\u00f6z\u0259baxan olmalar\u0131 m\u0259n\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 \u00e7atm\u0131r. Bu, ya basd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dini duy\u011fularla, ya da etnik par\u00e7alanmalarla \u0259laq\u0259dar ola bil\u0259r ki, iqtidardak\u0131 idar\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 qorxulu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcb, yaxud da regionun orta sinfinin k\u00f6vr\u0259kliyind\u0259n, d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 t\u0259bi\u0259tind\u0259n ir\u0259li g\u0259l\u0259 bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n 14. Demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesi t\u0259kc\u0259 amat\u00f6r v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar deyil, pe\u015f\u0259kar siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r d\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259b edir. Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f v\u0259zif\u0259lil\u0259rin m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti olaraq ictimai xidm\u0259t\u0259 gir\u0259n adi insanlar olmalar\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u0259fsan\u0259 var. Amat\u00f6rl\u0259r avtokratiyaya qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 \u00f6n s\u0131ralarda ola, ke\u00e7idin ilkin d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 \u0259sas v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7ir\u0259 bil\u0259rl\u0259r, ancaq onlar tezlikl\u0259 yerl\u0259rini pe\u015f\u0259karlara t\u0259hvil verm\u0259li olurlar. Siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r bu g\u00fcn se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 qalib g\u0259lm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259m partiyan\u0131n v\u0259 h\u0259m \u00f6zl\u0259rinin resurslar\u0131na ehtiyac duyurlar, onlar h\u0259m\u00e7inin texnokratlar\u0131n hesabatl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn x\u00fcsusi bilikl\u0259r\u0259 malik olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n v\u0259zif\u0259d\u0259 qalmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onlar\u0131n \u0259traflar\u0131nda se\u00e7ki v\u0259 bu q\u0259bild\u0259n olan m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Pe\u015f\u0259kar siyasi sinfin y\u00fcks\u0259li\u015finin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq ola bilsin m\u00fcmk\u00fcns\u00fczd\u00fcr, ancaq bu, h\u0259qiqi m\u00f6vcud demokratiyada v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n m\u0259mnuniyy\u0259tsizliyin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olan ciddi probleml\u0259rd\u0259n biridir. V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flarla onlar\u0131 t\u0259msil etm\u0259k ist\u0259y\u0259n qrup aras\u0131ndak\u0131 sosial v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni bo\u015fluq ciddi problemdir, siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n q\u0259z\u0259bin\u0259 v\u0259 \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olan qaynaqlardan (y\u00fcks\u0259k vergil\u0259r, yaxud etibars\u0131z m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n) getdikc\u0259 daha \u00e7ox as\u0131l\u0131 v\u0259ziyy\u0259t\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259si d\u0259 faktd\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n 15. Ke\u00e7idin \u00fcsulu v\u0259 zaman\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259, h\u0259m\u00e7inin onun n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq birlik getdikc\u0259 daha \u00e7ox h\u0259lledici rol oynama\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131b. Gilyermo v\u0259 m\u0259n daxili faktorlar\u0131n dominantl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bizim “m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r”imizd\u0259n biri kimi ir\u0259li s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fck. T\u0259dqiq etdiyimiz C\u0259nubi Avropa v\u0259 Lat\u0131n Amerika n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rini n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alanda m\u0259n bu iddian\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 daha \u00e7ox qalmaq ist\u0259yir\u0259m. Sonralar bu fenomen\u0259 ziddi olaraq \u015e\u0259rq Blokunda ba\u015f ver\u0259n hadis\u0259l\u0259ri Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131ndak\u0131 ilkin n\u0259h\u0259ng d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r olmadan t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr\u0259 g\u0259tirm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmazd\u0131, h\u0259m\u00e7inin AB \u00fczvl\u00fcy\u00fc olmasayd\u0131 hadis\u0259l\u0259r bel\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 v\u0259 bel\u0259 \u00e7ox uzaqlara da gedib \u00e7\u0131xa bilm\u0259zdi. Bundan ba\u015fqa, ilk d\u0259f\u0259 post-kommunist ke\u00e7idl\u0259r ba\u015flayanda (Pol\u015fa ilk idi), onlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda g\u00fccl\u00fc yay\u0131lma v\u0259 imitasiya prosesl\u0259ri d\u0259 start g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc.\n<\/p>\n

\n Beyn\u0259lxalq birliyi \u0259l\u0259 almaq olduqca \u00e7\u0259tindir. O, dem\u0259k olar h\u0259r zaman h\u0259r yerd\u0259dir, \u00e7\u00fcnki bug\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fcnyada siyasi c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n tamamil\u0259 t\u0259crid olunmaq h\u0259dsiz \u00e7\u0259tindir. Buna baxmayaraq, s\u00f6zd\u0259 milli agentl\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 gizli v\u0259 qaranl\u0131q yollarla i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259nd\u0259, hadis\u0259l\u0259rin t\u0259siri ad\u0259t\u0259n dolay\u0131 olur. \u00d6lk\u0259nin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc, resurslar\u0131, regional konteksti, geostrateji yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si v\u0259 c\u0259lb olundu\u011fu ittifaq\u0131n strukturu bu m\u0259nada b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. H\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd bu m\u0259nada iki aspekti biz proqnozla\u015fd\u0131ra bilm\u0259mi\u015fdik. Birincsi, demokratiyan\u0131 v\u0259 insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131 milli s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259r boyunca yayma\u011f\u0131 \u00f6z \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259n \u00e7ox sayda v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif qeyri-h\u00f6kum\u0259t, yaxud-qeyri h\u00f6kum\u0259tp\u0259r\u0259st t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r; ikinci m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 AB-nin s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndak\u0131 yeni demokratiyalara maddi bax\u0131mdan v\u0259 \u00fczvl\u00fck ehtimal\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar olaraq k\u00f6m\u0259k etm\u0259k m\u0259suliyy\u0259tini \u00f6z \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259sidir.\n<\/p>\n

\n “Milli d\u00f6vl\u0259tin i\u00e7ind\u0259 v\u0259 k\u0259nar\u0131nda” b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259 yeni bir d\u00fcnya a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 v\u0259 s\u00f6z\u00fcn h\u0259qiqi m\u0259nas\u0131nda ke\u00e7id d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rini qucaqlad\u0131, ilk olaraq M\u0259rk\u0259zi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropada, sonra is\u0259 Asiyada v\u0259 Afrikada. \u00d6z\u0259l assosiasiyalar, h\u0259r\u0259katlar, fondlar, konsultasiyalar v\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259r\u0259fda\u015flar ideyalar, \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 maliyy\u0259 d\u0259st\u0259yi t\u0259qdim etdil\u0259r. Milli h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259r, regional, yaxud qlobal t\u0259\u015fkilatlar maliyy\u0259d\u0259n daha \u00e7ox \u015fey verdil\u0259r, AB n\u00fcmun\u0259sind\u0259 bu, xarici m\u00fcdaxil\u0259rinin yeni formas\u0131 idi, daha do\u011frusu “siyasi \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r”. AB-nin \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri ondan ibar\u0259t idi ki, “Avropa klubu”na qo\u015fulmaq ist\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259r ” acquis communautaire”ni (AB-nin 1958-ci ild\u0259n b\u0259ri t\u0259tbiq olunan qanun v\u0259 q\u0259rarlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si) yerin\u0259 yetirm\u0259li, h\u0259m\u00e7inin siyasi normalar\u0131n yeni \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sini \u0259xz etm\u0259lidirl\u0259r, Kopenhan Kriteriyas\u0131 adlanan m\u0259fhum namiz\u0259d d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin nec\u0259 yol tutacaqlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131q-a\u015fkar ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u0259n \u015f\u0259rt kimi yarad\u0131l\u0131b. \u015e\u0259rtl\u0259rin m\u00fclayim versiyas\u0131 indi AKA (Afrika-Karib-Atlantik) \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 ticar\u0259t sazi\u015fl\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259tbiq edilir v\u0259 bundan Avropan\u0131n \u015f\u0259rqind\u0259 v\u0259 q\u0259rbind\u0259ki b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar olaraq, “Qon\u015fuluq” v\u0259 “Aral\u0131q” siyas\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259limat\u00e7\u0131 kimi \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f ed\u0259c\u0259yi g\u00f6zl\u0259nilir. Amerika D\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri Birliyi, Mill\u0259tl\u0259r Birliyi (Britan) v\u0259 h\u0259tta Afrika Birliyi kimi dig\u0259r t\u0259\u015fkilatlar add\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ox\u015far c\u0131\u011f\u0131rda atmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn r\u0259smi sazi\u015fl\u0259r t\u0259rtib edirl\u0259r, bununla t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n \u00fczvl\u0259ri konstitusiyadan k\u0259nar rejim d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rin\u0259 kollektiv sur\u0259td\u0259 cavab verm\u0259k ist\u0259yirl\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n N\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r ki, h\u0259qiqi m\u00f6vcud demokratiya bird\u0259f\u0259lik tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f layih\u0259 olaraq qal\u0131r, demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesi h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 siyas\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnaslar\u0131n hesabatlar\u0131 t\u0259dqiq etm\u0259li olacaq. V\u0259 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r ki, bir \u015fey h\u0259r yerd\u0259 ke\u00e7\u0259rli deyil, o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 izah olunmal\u0131 \u00e7ox \u015fey olacaq.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n \u201cDemokratiya Jurnal\u0131\u201d 21:1 (2010), 17-28. \u00a9 M\u0259qal\u0259 Johns Hopkins University Press-in icaz\u0259si il\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan dilin\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 edil\u0259r\u0259k Meydan.TV sayt\u0131nda yay\u0131mlan\u0131r.
\n <\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Partiyalars\u0131z he\u00e7 bir bir demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 prosesi ba\u015f tuta bilm\u0259z<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":89824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-185816","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analitika","infinite-scroll-item","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33","no-featured-image-padding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDemokratiya layih\u0259si: \u0130yirmi be\u015f il, on be\u015f tap\u0131nt\u0131 - MEYDAN.TV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/demokratiya-layihesi-iyirmi-bes-il-on-bes-tapinti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"az_AZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Demokratiya layih\u0259si: \u0130yirmi be\u015f il, on be\u015f tap\u0131nt\u0131 - 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