{"id":185422,"date":"2017-07-07T01:28:05","date_gmt":"2017-07-07T01:28:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/article\/avtoritarizm-yixildiqdan-sonra-bas-verecek-prosesler-ikinci-yazi\/"},"modified":"2017-07-07T01:28:05","modified_gmt":"2017-07-07T01:28:05","slug":"avtoritarizm-yixildiqdan-sonra-bas-verecek-prosesler-ikinci-yazi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/avtoritarizm-yixildiqdan-sonra-bas-verecek-prosesler-ikinci-yazi\/","title":{"rendered":"Avtoritarizm y\u0131x\u0131ld\u0131qdan sonra ba\u015f ver\u0259c\u0259k prosesl\u0259r (\u0130kinci yaz\u0131)"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n \"\"
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n
\n Birinci hiss\u0259ni oxumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn
\n
\n ke\u00e7id edin
\n <\/a>
\n …
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Meydan TV-nin \u201cDemokratiya\u201d layih\u0259sinin ikinci hiss\u0259si ba\u015flay\u0131r. Birinci hiss\u0259d\u0259, Meydan TV oxucular \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn avtoritarizim bar\u0259d\u0259 alt\u0131 m\u0259qal\u0259 yay\u0131mlayaraq, onun formalar\u0131, g\u00fccl\u00fc v\u0259 z\u0259if t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259ri, onu qidaland\u0131ran m\u00fchit kimi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 toxunmu\u015f, avtoritarizimin mahiyy\u0259ti bar\u0259d\u0259 oxucular\u0131 qism\u0259n m\u0259lumatland\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u201cDemokratiya\u201d layih\u0259sinin bud\u0259f\u0259ki saylar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131q ki, ke\u00e7id demokratiyas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 oxucular\u0131 m\u0259lumatland\u0131raq. H\u0259r ay \u0259rzind\u0259 iki m\u0259qal\u0259 olmaqla \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 alt\u0131 m\u0259qal\u0259 yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\n <\/i>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Xo\u015f oxumalar…
\n <\/i>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Mark F. Plattner:
\n <\/b>
\n M\u0259n sad\u0259c\u0259 ke\u00e7id anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131q-ayd\u0131n m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti meyar (dimension) oldu\u011funu da \u0259lav\u0259 ed\u0259rdim. Odonnel v\u0259 \u015emitter bunu bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r siyasi rejim aras\u0131ndak\u0131 interval kimi xarakteriz\u0259 edirl\u0259r. K\u00f6hn\u0259 rejimin y\u0131x\u0131l\u0131b yeni rejim\u0259 ke\u00e7id \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ara strukturun a\u00e7\u0131qca m\u00f6vcud oldu\u011fu Tunis, Liviya v\u0259 Misir kimi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259, h\u0259min ara d\u00f6vr\u00fcn ke\u00e7id kimi q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 verilm\u0259si bir m\u0259nada t\u0259bii g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6vr \u0259rzind\u0259 NED v\u0259 dig\u0259r demokratiyaya yard\u0131m t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 ke\u00e7idi d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n qruplara yard\u0131m etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Lakin h\u0259min ke\u00e7id m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tli olarsa, bir m\u0259qamdan sonra h\u00f6kum\u0259t bel\u0259 deyir: “Dem\u0259k bel\u0259, bu, n\u0259 ara, n\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti strukturdur, indi bizim demokratik \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 se\u00e7ilmi\u015f h\u00f6kum\u0259timiz var”. Bu m\u0259qamda xarici yard\u0131m art\u0131q ke\u00e7idi d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259mir, o, art\u0131q demokratiyan\u0131, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259 des\u0259k, demokratik konsalidasiyan\u0131 m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259tm\u0259y\u0259, d\u0259rinl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259y\u0259, yaxud sabitl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259y\u0259 yard\u0131m el\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Larri Dayomond
\n <\/b>
\n : Konsolidasiya \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda bu m\u00fczakir\u0259nin \u00e7ox yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu, demokratiyaya yard\u0131m\u0131n v\u0259 NED-in i\u015finin t\u0259nqid at\u0259\u015fin\u0259 tutuldu\u011fu m\u0259qamlar var. Hans\u0131sa bir m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259 adlansa da, m\u0259ntiq\u0259 uy\u011fun sabitlik qurulsa da, ictimai raz\u0131l\u0131q \u0259ld\u0259 olunsa da v\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 konsalidasiyaya nail olunsa da, institutlarda h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 \u00e7ox ciddi probleml\u0259r, demokratik performansda z\u0259iflikl\u0259r v\u0259 bir \u00e7ox m\u0259qamlarda k\u00f6vr\u0259klikl\u0259r \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259 bil\u0259r. Z\u0259nnimc\u0259, demokratiyaya yard\u0131m t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 \u015eimali Afrika kimi yerl\u0259r\u0259 bax\u0131b “bel\u0259, onlar bir m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259ni adlad\u0131lar, indi biz resurslar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 v\u0259 diqq\u0259timizi ba\u015fqa bir yer\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259ld\u0259 bil\u0259rik”, – dey\u0259rk\u0259n \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck s\u0259hv\u0259 yol verirl\u0259r. Bu yerl\u0259r h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 \u00e7ox k\u00f6vr\u0259k, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u0259 meyilli olaraq qal\u0131rlar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcr\u0259m ki, orada, yaxud \u015eimali Afrikan\u0131n ist\u0259nil\u0259n yerind\u0259 demokratiya m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259nib v\u0259 bu, bizim etdiyimiz se\u00e7iml\u0259rd\u0259 yenid\u0259n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259li oldu\u011fumuza i\u015far\u0259 edir.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Mark Platner:
\n <\/b>
\n \u0130ndi biz \u201cdemokratik ke\u00e7idl\u0259rin g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yi varm\u0131\u201d sual\u0131na ke\u00e7\u0259kmi? Niy\u0259 d\u0259 yox? \u018fr\u0259b d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda indi biz hans\u0131sa ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131n (yaxud relsd\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xman\u0131n) ortas\u0131nday\u0131q. Onlar ham\u0131s\u0131 u\u011fursuzlu\u011fa m\u0259hkumdurlarm\u0131? Onlar\u0131 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 xilas etm\u0259k olarm\u0131? Larri art\u0131q Birma n\u00fcmun\u0259sini g\u0259tirib – orada ke\u00e7idin m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tli olaca\u011f\u0131na dair \u00fcmid varm\u0131? Ondan sonra uzun v\u0259d\u0259lil\u0259r\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r salas\u0131 olsaq, \u00c7in, Rusiya v\u0259 \u0130ran kimi a\u00e7ar avtoritar \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r nec\u0259 olsun? T\u0259xmin olunan g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 demokratiyaya ke\u00e7idd\u0259 onlar m\u0259ntiqli namiz\u0259dl\u0259rdirmi?\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Donald Harovits:
\n <\/b>
\n M\u0259n biraz da \u018fr\u0259b Bahar\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n dan\u0131\u015fmaq ist\u0259rdim. \u018fvv\u0259ld\u0259n ilkin \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rin g\u00f6zl\u0259nilm\u0259zliyi m\u0259fhumunu qeyd etmi\u015fdim. M\u0259n yoldan \u00e7\u0131xa bilm\u0259m\u0259k l\u0259n\u0259tind\u0259n deyil, institutsional arxitekturaya r\u0259\u011fb\u0259tl\u0259 yana\u015fma\u011f\u0131 \u0259ks etdir\u0259n ilkin q\u0259rarlar\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259sir yarada bil\u0259c\u0259yini vur\u011fulay\u0131ram. \u0130zn verin, onlardan bir ne\u00e7\u0259sini qeyd edim.\n<\/p>\n

\n \"\"
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n G\u0259lin bel\u0259 hesab ed\u0259k ki, Misir Frans\u0131zsaya\u011f\u0131 prezidetlik se\u00e7kisind\u0259n, h\u0259dsiz fraqmentl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f sah\u0259ni \u0259ks etdir\u0259n bir sxemd\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k ist\u0259yir. Bu, M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d M\u00fcrsiy\u0259 ilk m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 25 faiz s\u0259s toplay\u0131b ikinci m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 olduqca m\u0259hdud bir pl\u00fcrall\u0131\u011fa nail olma\u011fa, n\u0259hay\u0259td\u0259 is\u0259 prezidentliyi qazanmas\u0131na imkan yaradard\u0131. M\u0259nc\u0259, siyasi qurulu\u015f fraqmentasiyas\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alanda, bu, yax\u015f\u0131 institutsional se\u00e7im olmazd\u0131. Yaxud Liviyada 2012-ci ild\u0259 \u00dcmumi Milli Konqres\u0259 ke\u00e7irilmi\u015f se\u00e7kil\u0259ri g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259k, \u0259hali yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si oldu\u011fu kimi n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin q\u0259rb hiss\u0259si \u015f\u0259rq hiss\u0259sin\u0259 nisb\u0259td\u0259 daha \u00e7ox yer qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u015e\u0259rq hiss\u0259 bundan h\u0259dsiz naraz\u0131 qald\u0131 v\u0259 zorak\u0131l\u0131q ba\u015f qald\u0131rd\u0131. N\u0259tic\u0259 etibaril\u0259, Liviya m\u00fcdrik bir q\u0259rar ver\u0259r\u0259k, 60 n\u0259f\u0259rlik se\u00e7ilmi\u015f quruma yeni konstitusiya haz\u0131rlama\u011f\u0131 q\u0259rara ald\u0131, indi 1951-ci ild\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi \u0259hali yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmadan, \u00f6lk\u0259nin \u00fc\u00e7 regionundan 20 \u00fczv se\u00e7ilm\u0259li idi. Yeri g\u0259lmi\u015fk\u0259n, tarixi yadda\u015f institutsional se\u00e7imd\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck rol oynay\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u0130ki c\u00fcr tarixi yadda\u015f var: yax\u015f\u0131 xatir\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 g\u00f6rm\u0259zd\u0259n g\u0259lm\u0259ni ist\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yin xatir\u0259l\u0259r. \u0130kincisi \u0130ndoneziyada \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015fd\u0131, ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 onlar se\u00e7iml\u0259ri kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131lar. Liviyal\u0131lar\u0131n is\u0259, \u0259ksin\u0259, 1951-ci il hadis\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 xatir\u0259l\u0259ri vard\u0131. Qar\u015f\u0131dan g\u0259l\u0259n t\u0259sis y\u0131\u011f\u0131nca\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7kil\u0259rind\u0259 onlar 60 yerin h\u0259r biri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259k-qalibli-t\u0259k-m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259li se\u00e7kil\u0259r ke\u00e7irm\u0259yi q\u0259rara ald\u0131lar (m\u00fcdrik q\u0259rar deyil, z\u0259nnimc\u0259), namiz\u0259d olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn y\u00fcz imza t\u0259l\u0259b olunurdu. \u00c7ox g\u00fcman, se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7oxlu namiz\u0259dl\u0259r m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparacaq, son hesablamada art\u0131q 700 n\u0259f\u0259r var v\u0259 bir \u00e7ox n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259r olduqca ki\u00e7ik, 50%-d\u0259k ki\u00e7ik pl\u00fcrall\u0131q \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 se\u00e7il\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259r. Bunu konstitusiyan\u0131 \u0259rs\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qoyulan olduqca g\u0259rgin zaman m\u00f6hl\u0259tin\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 etdikd\u0259 – onlardan qa\u00e7maq imkan\u0131n\u0131z varsa, konstitusiyan\u0131 \u0259rs\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u0259rgin zaman m\u00f6hl\u0259ti qoyulmamal\u0131d\u0131r – ortaya \u00e7\u0131xacaq m\u0259hsulun legitimliyi s\u00f6z\u00fcn h\u0259qiqi m\u0259nas\u0131nda korlana bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u0130nstitutsional arxitekturan\u0131n detallar\u0131 demokratiyan\u0131n perspektivi bax\u0131m\u0131ndan olduqca vacibdir. Onlar Birmada da \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131yacaqlar, bel\u0259 ki, azl\u0131qlar\u0131 bir araya g\u0259tirm\u0259k v\u0259 ordunu siyas\u0259td\u0259n \u00e7\u0259kilm\u0259y\u0259 vadar etm\u0259kd\u0259n \u00f6tr\u00fc mahir bir proqram \u0259rs\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn olduqca ehtiyatl\u0131 federalizm t\u0259rtib edilm\u0259lidir. Birmal\u0131lar\u0131n bu suallar\u0131n h\u0259r birind\u0259n bir \u015feyl\u0259r \u00f6yr\u0259nm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7oxlu n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur. \u018ftrafda \u00e7ox sayda \u00e7ox pis \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 qurulmu\u015f federasiyalar var: Nigeriyan\u0131n ilk respublikas\u0131n\u0131, Pakistan\u0131n 1947 v\u0259 1971-ci ill\u0259r (h\u0259tta bug\u00fcnk\u00fc) aras\u0131ndak\u0131 respublikas\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131n. Federal sisteml\u0259rin \u00e7oxlu t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259l\u0259ri var. \u00d6z\u00fcnd\u0259n olmayanlara qar\u015f\u0131 diskriminasiya federasiyalar\u0131n yeni d\u00f6vl\u0259t komponentl\u0259ri oldu\u011fundan, d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259 i\u015ftirak\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259min olunmas\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259ri \u00e7ox yay\u011f\u0131n olur. Bunlar start x\u0259ttind\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmas\u0131 g\u0259r\u0259k\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck probleml\u0259rdir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Ordunu siyas\u0259td\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xarmaqda \u00f6yr\u0259nilm\u0259si laz\u0131m olan \u00e7oxlu d\u0259rsl\u0259r var: g\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fcz kimi indoneziyal\u0131lar bu m\u0259nada b\u00f6y\u00fck i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcbl\u0259r. Lakin instututlar\u0131 t\u0259rtib ed\u0259nl\u0259r bir qayda olaraq, yanl\u0131\u015f n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri se\u00e7irl\u0259r: onlar \u00f6z probleml\u0259rin\u0259 ox\u015far olub, inki\u015fafa nail olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin n\u00fcmun\u0259sini se\u00e7m\u0259kd\u0259ns\u0259, \u0259n u\u011furlu demokratiya n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 nail olma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar; yaxud da ke\u00e7mi\u015f m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259 g\u00fccl\u0259rinin institutlar\u0131na tamah sal\u0131rlar. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, onlara uy\u011fun n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r tapmaqda k\u00f6m\u0259k etm\u0259k vacibdir, beyn\u0259lxalq m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r d\u0259 \u00e7ox zaman el\u0259 m\u0259hz bunda u\u011fursuz olurlar.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Larri Dayomond:
\n <\/b>
\n \u0130nstitutsional t\u0259rtibat\u0131n ad\u0259t\u0259n g\u00f6rm\u0259zd\u0259n g\u0259lin\u0259n bir ba\u015fqa c\u0259h\u0259ti toplanm\u0131\u015f potensial g\u00fcc\u00fcn el\u0259 formada m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r ki, se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 maraql\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259r \u00e7ox m\u0259nf\u0259\u0259t g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259sinl\u0259r, bu m\u0259nada, el\u0259 institutlar var ki, ilkin m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 monopolist meyill\u0259ri t\u0259fti\u015f edib m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131rmaq qabiliyy\u0259tind\u0259dirl\u0259r. Bu zaman g\u00fccl\u00fc m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259y\u0259, g\u00fccl\u00fc qanunverici hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 v\u0259 \u015faquli hesabatl\u0131l\u0131q institutlar\u0131na ehtiyac duyulur.\n<\/p>\n

\n Hesabatl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa v\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131 idar\u0259\u00e7iliy\u0259 nail olmaqdan \u00f6tr\u00fc \u00c7inin istifad\u0259 etdiyi b\u00fct\u00fcn qeyri-demokratik metodlar art\u0131q tamamil\u0259 s\u0131radan \u00e7\u0131xmaqdad\u0131r. Z\u0259nnimc\u0259, \u00c7in Kommunist Partiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259 birc\u0259 iqtisadi b\u00f6hran kifay\u0259t ed\u0259c\u0259k, \u00e7\u00fcnki partiyaya v\u0259 onun korrupsiyas\u0131na nifr\u0259t g\u00fcn ke\u00e7dikc\u0259 art\u0131r. Arzu ed\u0259rdim Xi Jinping Tayvanda ba\u015f tutan ke\u00e7id\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259r bir m\u00fcnt\u0259z\u0259m proses\u0259 start versin: \u0259ks t\u0259qdir\u0259 h\u0259qiqi t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 qa\u00e7\u0131lmaz olacaq. \u00c7XR (\u00c7in Xalq Respublikas\u0131) g\u00fccl\u00fc, \u0259min v\u0259 dinamik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr, lakin t\u0259m\u0259ld\u0259 v\u0259 ictimai m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 ciddi q\u00fcsurlar var, \u0259g\u0259r onlar m\u00fcnt\u0259z\u0259m islahatlara ba\u015flamasalar, orada hadis\u0259l\u0259r Sovet saya\u011f\u0131 q\u0259fil \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fd\u0259n tutmu\u015f, bir \u00e7ox maraql\u0131 yollarla a\u00e7\u0131ql\u0131\u011fa qovu\u015facaq. Z\u0259nnimc\u0259, biz bunu arzulamamal\u0131y\u0131q, \u00e7\u00fcnki orada vakuum ba\u015f ver\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bu \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 n\u0259 institutlar var, n\u0259 m\u00fcxalif\u0259t, n\u0259 d\u0259 milli partiyalar, h\u0259tta effektiv v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri bel\u0259 yoxdur. Sonluq “arzulad\u0131\u011f\u0131na diqq\u0259t et” kateqoriyas\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda ba\u015f ver\u0259 bil\u0259r – \u00f6lk\u0259 demokratiyaya istiqam\u0259t g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259kd\u0259ns\u0259, h\u0259rbi idar\u0259\u00e7iliy\u0259, yaxud da hans\u0131sa \u00e7irkin, mill\u0259t\u00e7i, qeyri-kommunist v\u0259 Putin sayaq idar\u0259\u00e7iliy\u0259 yuvarlana bil\u0259r, n\u0259tic\u0259 etibaril\u0259 d\u0259 bel\u0259 rejim daxili ruh d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn diqq\u0259tini yay\u0131nd\u0131rmaqdan \u00f6tr\u00fc m\u00fcbahis\u0259li of\u015for adalar\u0131na h\u0259rbi manevrl\u0259r ed\u0259 bil\u0259r. N\u00f6vb\u0259ti 10-15 ild\u0259 \u00c7in diqq\u0259tl\u0259rin y\u00f6n\u0259ldiyi co\u011frafiya olacaq.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Frensin Fukuyama:
\n <\/b>
\n \u0130nstitutlar\u0131 qurark\u0259n hakimiyy\u0259ti t\u0259fti\u015f etm\u0259yin g\u0259r\u0259kliliyini he\u00e7 c\u00fcr inkar ed\u0259 bilm\u0259r\u0259m; dediyim sad\u0259c\u0259 odur ki, onlar\u0131 formal c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n spesifikl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k, o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k etm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259k. S\u0259n “Ok, s\u0259nin m\u00fcst\u0259qil konstitusiya m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259n olacaq” dey\u0259 bil\u0259rs\u0259n, amma prezident sad\u0259c\u0259 dostlar\u0131ndan birini \u0259n ba\u015fa yerl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259c\u0259k, \u00e7\u00fcnki orada m\u00fcst\u0259qil m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259ri yoxdur. Formal \u015feyl\u0259r\u0259 h\u0259ddind\u0259n art\u0131q ba\u015f qo\u015fmaq, erk\u0259n demokratiyalarda h\u0259r \u015feyin s\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fk\u0259n olmas\u0131, h\u0259yati vacib sosial qruplar\u0131n s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259r olunaraq \u00f6z yollar\u0131yla ir\u0259lil\u0259m\u0259si qabiliyy\u0259tinin b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 fakt\u0131n\u0131 sonrak\u0131 plana at\u0131r. Bu, ola bilsin, ba\u015f yormaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n vacib aspektdir. M\u0259s\u0259l \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015eanl\u0131 \u0130nqilab (17-ci \u0259srd\u0259ki \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 burjua inqilab\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutur -t\u0259rc) d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 n\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 t\u0259z\u0259 kral \u0259n sonda konstitusiyaya raz\u0131l\u0131q verdi? Bizim Stenforddak\u0131 h\u0259mkar\u0131m\u0131z Barri Veyngast d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, onlar bu m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m, f\u0259aliyy\u0259t n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sini, davaml\u0131 sazi\u015fi t\u0259rtib etmi\u015fdil\u0259r, lakin formal sazi\u015f \u00f6zl\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259 stabillik yaratmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. A\u00e7ar m\u0259qam is\u0259 budur ki, parlament t\u0259r\u0259finin \u0259lind\u0259 silahlar vard\u0131 v\u0259 kral sazi\u015fi pozarsa, onlar\u0131n silaha \u0259l at\u0131b kral\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yen\u0259 k\u0259s\u0259c\u0259yini bilirdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Mark Platner:
\n <\/b>
\n Demokratiyaya yard\u0131m d\u0259rsl\u0259ri m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sini qald\u0131rmazdan \u0259vv\u0259l, m\u0259n bir s\u00f6z\u00fc \u0259lav\u0259 etm\u0259k ist\u0259y\u0259rdim: legitimlik. \u00c7ox maraql\u0131d\u0131r ki, insanlarda \u00c7in, Rusiya v\u0259 \u0130ran kimi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 demokratik ke\u00e7idl\u0259rin ba\u015f tutub-tutmayaca\u011f\u0131na dair \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259l\u0259r olsa da, bu perspektiv he\u00e7 d\u0259 qeyri-t\u0259bii deyil. “Demokratiyan\u0131n t\u0259bi\u0259ti” kitab\u0131nda Larri bu n\u00f6qteyi-n\u0259z\u0259ri Hindistanla \u00c7ini m\u00fcqayis\u0259 etm\u0259kl\u0259 t\u0259qdim edir: Hindistan b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259rd\u0259 geri qal\u0131r, ancaq 15 il \u0259vv\u0259l Hindistanda bel\u0259 bir rejim d\u0259yi\u015fikliyin\u0259 nail olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bils\u0259ydil\u0259r, insanlar \u015foka d\u00fc\u015f\u0259rdil\u0259r, h\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd bu m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u0259rzind\u0259 \u00c7ind\u0259ki avtoritar rejim \u00e7\u00f6ks\u0259ydi, he\u00e7 kim t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u0259nm\u0259zdi. Fikrimc\u0259, bu, ke\u00e7id anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259b oldu\u011funu izah edir. Ne\u00e7\u0259 onillikl\u0259rdir avtoritar rejiml\u0259r bir ucdan q\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar, bir kims\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259r ki, he\u00e7 xalq s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259rliyini il\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmasalar bel\u0259, avtoritar idar\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259n \u0259l \u00e7\u0259km\u0259lidirl\u0259r. M\u0259nc\u0259, bu, avtoritar rejiml\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n n\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259lledici legitimlik da\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izah edir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Demokratiyaya yard\u0131m m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sini m\u00fczakir\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259yimiz\u0259 s\u00f6z verdiyimizd\u0259n, icaz\u0259 verin bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 ke\u00e7im v\u0259 etdiyimiz m\u00fczakir\u0259d\u0259n do\u011fan n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin xaricd\u0259 demokratiyaya yard\u0131m etm\u0259kl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olan NED v\u0259 bu q\u0259bild\u0259n olan dig\u0259r t\u0259\u015fkilatlara n\u0259 c\u00fcr t\u0259limat ver\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yini soru\u015fum. Frenk, s\u0259n dedin ki, bir \u00e7ox \u015feyl\u0259rin yanl\u0131\u015f formada h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irildiyini g\u00fcman edirs\u0259n.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Frensis Fukuyama:
\n <\/b>
\n M\u0259n bu sual\u0131 h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n \u00e7ox sad\u0259 qoyard\u0131m. Z\u0259nnimc\u0259, biz siyasi partiyalar, yaxud da idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin yeni yollar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259kd\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k ed\u0259c\u0259yimiz demokratik qruplardansa, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tin\u0259 daha \u00e7ox diqq\u0259t ay\u0131r\u0131r\u0131q. \u018fg\u0259r s\u0259n demokratiya ist\u0259yirs\u0259ns\u0259, ke\u00e7m\u0259k m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 oldu\u011fun \u00fc\u00e7 yol var. Birincisi, k\u00f6hn\u0259 avtoritar rejimd\u0259n qurtulmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ilkin s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259rlikdir. \u0130kincisi, s\u0259n ilk azad se\u00e7kini ke\u00e7irm\u0259lis\u0259n ki, siyasi partiya quruculu\u011funu \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259s\u0259n. Bug\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r bir kims\u0259nin se\u00e7ici s\u0259f\u0259rb\u0259rliyini t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn siyasi partiyadan ba\u015fqa alternativ tapd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcman etmir\u0259m. Siyasi partiyalar m\u0259hz buna g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur.\n<\/p>\n

\n N\u0259hay\u0259t, ilk se\u00e7kil\u0259ri ke\u00e7irib demokratik \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 se\u00e7il\u0259n yeni h\u00f6kum\u0259t olandan sonra o, ictimai xidm\u0259t, ictimai fayda v\u0259 insanlar\u0131n demokratiyadan umduqlar\u0131 dig\u0259r m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259 bilir. Ad\u0259t\u0259n demokratik aktivistl\u0259ri \u00e7a\u015fd\u0131ran ikinci v\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259 olur. Samuel Hantinqton deyib ki, t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 g\u0259ncl\u0259r t\u0259\u015fkilat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 biab\u0131r\u00e7\u0131d\u0131rlar. B\u0259li, onlar n\u00fcmayi\u015fl\u0259r v\u0259 etirazlar t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259 bil\u0259rl\u0259r, lakin aqrar \u0259razil\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin h\u0259r bir dair\u0259sind\u0259 s\u0259s ala bil\u0259c\u0259k siyasi partiya qurmaq h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 onlar\u0131n bacar\u0131qlar\u0131 xaricind\u0259dir. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259, NDI v\u0259 IRI kimi t\u0259\u015fkilatlar bu bacar\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00f6yr\u0259d\u0259 bil\u0259rl\u0259r, ancaq m\u0259n bel\u0259 hesab edir\u0259m ki, yax\u015f\u0131 yanacaqla t\u0259min olunmu\u015f siyasi ma\u015f\u0131na ke\u00e7id etm\u0259kd\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti daha ciddi yard\u0131ma ehtiyac duyur.\n<\/p>\n

\n \"\"
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n Sonra da idar\u0259\u00e7ilik m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259si g\u0259lir. Larri il\u0259 m\u0259n t\u0259z\u0259likc\u0259 Ukraynada CDDRL-nin ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet Respublikas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Draper Hillz Yay Dostlar\u0131 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u0259ydik. T\u0259dbird\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstandan b\u00f6y\u00fck n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259 hey\u0259ti i\u015ftirak edirdi v\u0259 biz onlarla G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda n\u0259 ba\u015f verdiyin\u0259 dair maraql\u0131 s\u00f6hb\u0259tl\u0259r apard\u0131q. Z\u0259nnimc\u0259, Q\u0131z\u0131lg\u00fcl v\u0259 Nar\u0131nc\u0131 \u0130nqilablar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 f\u0259rqi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 – demokratik inqilabla hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259nd\u0259 \u0259slind\u0259 n\u0259 etdiyin zaman \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 – ay\u0131rd etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ukraynal\u0131lar \u0259sas etibaril\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti nomenklaturadan \u00e7\u0131xan ke\u00e7mi\u015f siyasil\u0259rin y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131na \u00e7evirdil\u0259r. Yu\u015fenko bel\u0259 insanlardan biriydi, baxmayaraq ki, o, Nar\u0131nc\u0131 \u0130nqilab\u0131 sif\u0259t kimi t\u0259msil edirdi; Yulia Timo\u015fenko da demokratik inqilab\u0131n ba\u015fqa bir q\u0259hr\u0259man\u0131yd\u0131. Buna baxmayaraq, onlardan he\u00e7 biri Ukraynada korrupsiyan\u0131n aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 istiqam\u0259tind\u0259, yaxud da onu yax\u015f\u0131 bir sferaya ke\u00e7irm\u0259k m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 he\u00e7 bir c\u0259hd etm\u0259dil\u0259r. G\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r is\u0259 \u0259ksin\u0259, Saaka\u015fvilinin ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda h\u00fcquq m\u00fchafiz\u0259 orqanlar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayaraq, b\u00fcrokratiyada islahatlar apard\u0131lar. \u0130slahatlar o istiqam\u0259td\u0259ydi ki, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn qorunmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn polis\u0259 r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259t verm\u0259sin. V\u0259 onlar “bir m\u0259nzilli al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015f” sxemini t\u0259qdim etdil\u0259r, bu zaman s\u0259n d\u00f6vl\u0259t idar\u0259sin\u0259 ba\u015f \u00e7\u0259kir v\u0259 d\u0259rhal qeydiyyat v\u0259 ya biznes lisenziyas\u0131 al\u0131rd\u0131n. Bu c\u0259hdl\u0259rd\u0259 onlar \u00e7ox m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiy\u0259tli olmu\u015fdular. Sonra onlar \u00e7oxlu insan\u0131 h\u0259bs etm\u0259kl\u0259 v\u0259 m\u00fcbahis\u0259li t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259r ke\u00e7irm\u0259kl\u0259 biraz a\u011f el\u0259dil\u0259r, ancaq indinin \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 d\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstandak\u0131 v\u0259ziyy\u0259t Ukraynadak\u0131ndan qat-qat yax\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Ke\u00e7id\u0259 nail olduqdan v\u0259 ilk se\u00e7kil\u0259rini ke\u00e7irdikd\u0259n sonra, g\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259ti nec\u0259 daha yax\u015f\u0131 idar\u0259 etm\u0259yin yolunu tapd\u0131lar, Ukrayna is\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 ili\u015fib qal\u0131b. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, inqilablar\u0131n bo\u015fa getm\u0259sinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaqdan \u00f6tr\u00fc biz ikinci v\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7ox diqq\u0259t etm\u0259liyik, \u0259ks halda h\u0259r \u015fey alt-\u00fcst olar.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Donald Harovits
\n <\/b>
\n : M\u0259n Frenkl\u0259 raz\u0131yam v\u0259 onun fikrini daha da ir\u0259liy\u0259, \u00f6z\u00fc d\u0259 f\u0259rqli istiqam\u0259t\u0259 aparmaq fikrind\u0259y\u0259m. Z\u0259nnimc\u0259, k\u0259nardan m\u00fcdaxil\u0259l\u0259r b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r, \u0259g\u0259r s\u00fcbut ist\u0259s\u0259niz, \u00e7ox sad\u0259 bir n\u00fcmun\u0259ni g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259 bil\u0259r\u0259m. AT\u018fT azl\u0131qlara olan r\u0259ftar\u0131n standartlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015e\u0259rqi Avropada i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fc. O, \u00e7oxlu m\u00fckafatlar v\u0259 c\u0259rim\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259tbiq edirdi, sonda is\u0259 el\u0259 \u015feyl\u0259r t\u0259l\u0259b etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131 ki, Q\u0259rb \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri buna – x\u00fcsusil\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif institutlarda azl\u0131qlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kvota ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na – \u00f6z evl\u0259rind\u0259 he\u00e7 bir v\u0259chl\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fc yana\u015fmazd\u0131lar.\n<\/p>\n

\n Xarici m\u00fcdaxil\u0259 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 bir \u00e7ox ziddiy\u0259tl\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur. Bir \u00e7ox k\u0259nar t\u0259\u015fkilatlar – Beyn\u0259lxalq IDEA, UNDP v\u0259 dig\u0259rl\u0259ri a\u011fl\u0131ma g\u0259lir – yeni demokratiyalar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn institutsional t\u0259rtibat prosesi v\u0259 substansiya il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar olaraq standart resept konsensusunu inki\u015faf etdirm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar. Lakin \u0259g\u0259r start x\u0259ttind\u0259ki \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r bar\u0259d\u0259ki fikrim d\u00fczd\u00fcrs\u0259, o zaman bu c\u00fcr standart t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259r \u00fcmum\u0259n pis ideyad\u0131r. \u0130caz\u0259 verin bu konsensusun b\u0259zi elementl\u0259rin n\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t olmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 ideyan\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131m. Getdikc\u0259 yay\u011f\u0131nla\u015fmaqda olan bel\u0259 bir fikir var ki, parlament respublikas\u0131 h\u0259r zaman prezident respublikas\u0131ndan daha yax\u015f\u0131d\u0131r: amma \u0259d\u0259biyyat bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 yekdil fikird\u0259 deyil v\u0259 bir \u00e7ox hallarda b\u0259zi s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259r var ki, prezidentalizmi \u00fcst\u00fcn tutur. Se\u00e7ki sisteml\u0259rin\u0259 g\u0259ldikd\u0259, proporsional n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259liyi \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 hesab ed\u0259n g\u00fccl\u00fc konsensus m\u00f6vcuddur, x\u00fcsus\u0259n azl\u0131q n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259liyin\u0259 nail olmaq bax\u0131m\u0131ndan. Lakin indi b\u0259zi ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, co\u011frafi c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n c\u0259ml\u0259\u015fmi\u015f azl\u0131qlar proporsionaldansa, t\u0259k-qalibli-t\u0259k-m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259li sistemd\u0259 daha yax\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zl\u0259rini g\u00f6st\u0259rirl\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n B\u0259z\u0259n proporsional n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259lik x\u00fcsusil\u0259 tutarl\u0131 sistemdir: o, \u00e7oxq\u00fctbl\u00fcl\u00fcy\u00fc t\u0259\u015fviq ed\u0259 bil\u0259r m\u0259s\u0259l \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn. Amma b\u0259z\u0259n yox: problem olan yerd\u0259 o, fraqmentl\u0259\u015fm\u0259ni g\u00fccl\u0259ndir\u0259 bil\u0259r, b\u0259z\u0259n is\u0259 o, f\u0259rqli maraqlar\u0131 olan oturu\u015fmu\u015f partiyalar\u0131n geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259sini yava\u015flada bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Yeni institutlar\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 prosesin\u0259 g\u0259ldikd\u0259, konsensus birm\u0259nal\u0131 olaraq b\u00fct\u00f6v \u015f\u0259ffaf konstitutsional m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259rin t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259dir. H\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd bu da m\u0259lumdur ki, siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r h\u0259r k\u0259sin g\u00f6z\u00fc qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00fcz\u0259\u015ft \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259yi \u00e7\u0259tin hesab edirl\u0259r. Con Elster bel\u0259 deyib: “M\u0259n tamamil\u0259 haql\u0131 olaraq d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u0259m ki, s\u00f6vd\u0259l\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259r gizli ke\u00e7irilm\u0259li, n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r is\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q olmal\u0131d\u0131r”. Ancaq bu inc\u0259lik b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u015f\u0259ffafl\u0131q t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259nd\u0259 yoxa \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Konsensus h\u0259m\u00e7inin konstitusiya haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 prosesind\u0259 xalq\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck i\u015ftirak\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn tutur, bel\u0259 ki, ictimaiyy\u0259t proses\u0259 sahibliyi \u00f6z \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu m\u0259nada konstitusiya haz\u0131rlayanlar konstitutsiyan\u0131n n\u0259 haqda oldu\u011funu ictimaiyy\u0259t\u0259 ba\u015fa salmal\u0131 v\u0259 konstitutsiyada n\u0259 olmal\u0131d\u0131r m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 ictimaiyy\u0259tin r\u0259yini almal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Ancaq bu ad\u0259t\u0259n uzun m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259r hesab\u0131na v\u0259 t\u0259msil \u015furas\u0131ndak\u0131 se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u00fczl\u0259r, yaxud yeni konstitutsiya \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259n siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r aras\u0131ndak\u0131 g\u00fcz\u0259\u015ftl\u0259ri q\u0259bul etm\u0259d\u0259n sonra ba\u015fa g\u0259lir. Ekstensiv xalq i\u015ftirak\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00fccl\u00fc h\u0259mr\u0259yliy\u0259 baxmayaraq, konstitutsiyan\u0131n demokratik m\u0259\u011fzi v\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcy\u00fcn yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 bir q\u0131r\u0131q da olsun s\u00fcbut yoxdur. V\u0259 burada itkil\u0259r d\u0259 var. \u0130ctimaiyy\u0259ti konstitutsiyan\u0131n detallar\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 maarifl\u0259ndirm\u0259k, yax\u015f\u0131 t\u00f6vsiyy\u0259l\u0259r ist\u0259m\u0259k v\u0259 start x\u0259ttind\u0259ki \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rin i\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onlar\u0131 ehtiyyatla g\u00f6t\u00fcr-qoy etm\u0259k \u00e7oxlu vaxt v\u0259 c\u0259hdl\u0259r t\u0259l\u0259b edir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bel\u0259likl\u0259, t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259ni h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259nl\u0259r ilkin standart formulalar\u0131 bir k\u0259nara qoymal\u0131d\u0131rlar, \u00e7\u00fcnki bir \u00f6lk\u0259yl\u0259 dig\u0259ri aras\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259n ki\u00e7ik kontekst f\u0259rql\u0259ri h\u0259yati vacib \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131ya bil\u0259r. Onlar\u0131n h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n el\u0259m\u0259li olduqlar\u0131 i\u015f “Demokratiya Jurnal\u0131”n\u0131 oxuma\u011fa ba\u015flamaqd\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Larri Dayomond:
\n <\/b>
\n B\u0259li, \u0259g\u0259r bunu ets\u0259l\u0259r “Ke\u00e7id Paradiqmalar\u0131n\u0131n Sonu” – ilk oxunmas\u0131 g\u0259r\u0259k\u0259n m\u0259tnl\u0259rd\u0259n biridir, onda onlar Donun indi bu d\u0259qiq\u0259 dediyi Tom Karotersin analizini g\u00f6r\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259r: H\u0259r bir \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 uy\u011fun d\u00fczg\u00fcn siyasi analiz aparmaq \u00e7ox vacibdir, bizim m\u00fcqayis\u0259li, n\u0259z\u0259ri biliyimizl\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olan faktlar aras\u0131nda uy\u011funluq olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u0130ndis\u0259 m\u0259n sonuncu n\u00f6qt\u0259ni qoymaq ist\u0259yir\u0259m. M\u0259nc\u0259, Frenkin partiyalar v\u0259 institutlar bar\u0259d\u0259 dedikl\u0259ri \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 do\u011furmur, lakin h\u0259m d\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u0259m ki, beyn\u0259lxalq yard\u0131m t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 ke\u00e7idd\u0259n sonra v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tini t\u0259rk etm\u0259kl\u0259 yanl\u0131\u015fa yol verirl\u0259r. H\u0259r d\u0259f\u0259 C\u0259nubi Afrikaya qay\u0131tma\u011fa nifr\u0259t edir\u0259m, lakin bu \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 demokratik v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti quruculu\u011funda ilkin institutun – IDASA (Afrika Demokratiya \u0130nstitutu – 2013-c\u00fc ilin mart\u0131nda qapad\u0131l\u0131b) – \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u0259 diqq\u0259ti \u00e7\u0259km\u0259k ist\u0259yir\u0259m. Dig\u0259r b\u00fct\u00fcn spesifik s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259r\u0259 baxmayaraq, onun qapad\u0131lmas\u0131nda vacib rol oynayan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biri Beyn\u0259lxalq Maliyy\u0259 Yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n C\u0259nubi Afrikada sad\u0259c\u0259 olaraq qurumas\u0131 oldu. Adamlar bel\u0259 dedil\u0259r: “Yax\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u0259k, bu C\u0259nubi Afrikad\u0131r, orta g\u0259lirli \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 oturu\u015fmu\u015f demokratiyad\u0131r, k\u00f6m\u0259y\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131 yoxdur. C\u0259nubi Afrikada \u00e7oxusu liberal olan \u00e7ox sayda varl\u0131 biznes adam\u0131 var, onlar bel\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259r”. Bu biznesmenl\u0259rin ham\u0131s\u0131 IDASA kimi m\u00fcst\u0259qil v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131qca d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k, ANC-ni (Afrika Milli Konqresi – C\u0259nubi Afrika Respublikas\u0131nda hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 olan partiya – t\u0259rc) narahat etm\u0259kd\u0259n \u00e7\u0259kinirl\u0259r, ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 g\u00f6zl\u0259nil\u0259n yard\u0131m\u0131 etm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259r. Bel\u0259 olan t\u0259qdird\u0259 bu c\u00fcr institutlar nec\u0259 maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015f\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259r? \u018fg\u0259r des\u0259k ki, “V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti art\u0131q prioritet olmaq m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 deyil, g\u0259lin siyasi institutlara fokuslanaq”, onda biz h\u0259r ikisin\u0259 ziyan vurma\u011fa risk edirik. Ad\u0259t\u0259n institutsional innovasiya islahatlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn enerji v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259n g\u0259lir v\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259til\u0259 partiyalar aras\u0131nda \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q, yaxud v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259til\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259t aras\u0131ndak\u0131 \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q bir \u00e7ox faydalar g\u0259tir\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bu c\u00fcr n\u0259z\u0259r-n\u00f6qteyini itirm\u0259m\u0259k olduqca vacibdir.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n \u201cDemokratiya Jurnal\u0131\u201d 25:1 (2014), 86-100. \u00a9 M\u0259qal\u0259 Johns Hopkins University Press-in icaz\u0259si il\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan dilin\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 edil\u0259r\u0259k Meydan.TV sayt\u0131nda yay\u0131mlan\u0131r.
\n <\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Demokratik inqilabla hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259nd\u0259 \u0259slind\u0259 n\u0259 etdiyin zaman \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 – ay\u0131rd etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":88323,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-185422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analitika","infinite-scroll-item","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33","no-featured-image-padding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAvtoritarizm y\u0131x\u0131ld\u0131qdan sonra ba\u015f ver\u0259c\u0259k prosesl\u0259r (\u0130kinci yaz\u0131) - MEYDAN.TV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/avtoritarizm-yixildiqdan-sonra-bas-verecek-prosesler-ikinci-yazi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"az_AZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Avtoritarizm y\u0131x\u0131ld\u0131qdan sonra ba\u015f ver\u0259c\u0259k prosesl\u0259r (\u0130kinci yaz\u0131) - 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