{"id":184406,"date":"2017-05-18T20:05:02","date_gmt":"2017-05-18T20:05:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/"},"modified":"2017-05-18T20:05:02","modified_gmt":"2017-05-18T20:05:02","slug":"nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/","title":{"rendered":"Nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n \"\"
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n
\n Anders Aslund, Atlantik Konsulun b\u00f6y\u00fck elmi i\u015f\u00e7isidir. O, \u0259n son olaraq “Ukrayna: s\u0259hv n\u0259d\u0259 oldu v\u0259 onu nec\u0259 d\u00fcz\u0259ltm\u0259li” (2015) kitab\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131b. M\u00fc\u0259llif \u201cKe\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet Blokundak\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 region\u201d adl\u0131 bu m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259 post-Sovet regionundak\u0131 b\u0259zi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sind\u0259n, korrupsiyadan nec\u0259 xilas olmas\u0131ndan, b\u0259zil\u0259rinin is\u0259 niy\u0259 daha da avtoritarizm\u0259 v\u0259 korrupsiyaya yuvarlanmas\u0131ndan b\u0259hs edir. Bu m\u0259qal\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259k v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmaq, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n avtoritarizm v\u0259 korrupsiyan\u0131n bir-biril\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259rk etm\u0259k bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ox faydal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n <\/i>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet Blokundak\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 region
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n Korrupsiya d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir \u00e7ox b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 problemdir, amma o, post-kommunist \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 x\u00fcsusi bir ba\u015fa\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7evrilib. Korrupsiyan\u0131n bir \u00e7ox s\u0259h\u0259l\u0259ri var v\u0259 o, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif formalar \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fcruz\u0259 verir, ancaq mahiyy\u0259t etibaril\u0259 o, sad\u0259c\u0259, “\u015f\u0259xsi m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259r namin\u0259 ictimai resurslar\u0131 sui-istifad\u0259 etm\u0259kd\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir”. Ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259kil\u0259r v\u0259 onlar\u0131n t\u0259r\u0259f m\u00fcqabill\u0259ri d\u00f6vl\u0259t g\u00fcc\u00fcnd\u0259n \u0259halinin cibin\u0259 girm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yararlan\u0131rlar.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bir vaxtlar Sovet Blokunu t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n v\u0259 n\u0259h\u0259ng \u0259razi boyunca yay\u0131lan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc 21 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259m kommizm d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 onun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra korrupsiya geni\u015f miqyas ald\u0131. Kommunizm r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259txorluq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ideal \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Marksizm-Leninizm qanunun aliliyinin inkar\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qurulmu\u015fdu, \u00e7\u00fcnki he\u00e7 n\u0259 q\u00fcdr\u0259tli Kommunist Partiyas\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcks\u0259k pill\u0259d\u0259 dayana bilm\u0259zdi. Kommunizm \u00e7\u00f6k\u0259rk\u0259n kommunist partiyalar\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n n\u0259zar\u0259t orqanlar\u0131 toz-dumana q\u0259rq oldular, \u00f6zl\u0259rind\u0259n geriy\u0259 is\u0259 h\u0259r hans\u0131 prinsip v\u0259 t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259ni \u0259ks etdir\u0259n bir h\u00fcquqi nizam da qoymad\u0131lar. Bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 adekvat qanunlar yox idi, h\u00fcquq-m\u00fchafiz\u0259 orqanlar\u0131yla h\u00fcquqi t\u0259sisatlar qeyri-funksional idi. Kommunist iqtisadiyyatlar\u0131 geni\u015f miqyasda himay\u0259\u00e7i axtar\u0131\u015f\u0131 imkanlar\u0131 yaradan q\u00fcsurlarla dolu idi. H\u0259tta i\u015fd\u0259 oturmaqdan qocalan kommunist r\u0259smil\u0259rinin \u0259lind\u0259 n\u0259h\u0259ng t\u0259nziml\u0259yici vasit\u0259l\u0259r olsa da, inflyasiya s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n real ictimai sektordak\u0131 \u0259m\u0259khaqlar\u0131nda k\u0259skin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fan\u0131rd\u0131. \u018fks\u0259riyy\u0259t \u0259ziyy\u0259t \u00e7\u0259kdiyi t\u0259qdird\u0259, bir qism hiyl\u0259g\u0259r opportunist s\u0259rv\u0259t toplam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Sonradan g\u00f6rm\u0259 bir qrup ki\u00e7ik biznesmen bir-birinin ard\u0131nca post-kommunist d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irirdil\u0259r. Bir qayda olaraq, \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck qazanc g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259nl\u0259r qeyri-qanuni n\u0259h\u0259ng \u00f6d\u0259ni\u015fl\u0259r \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259n d\u00f6vl\u0259t r\u0259smil\u0259rind\u0259n ibar\u0259t ki\u00e7ik qruplar v\u0259 onlara bu \u00f6d\u0259ni\u015fl\u0259ri ver\u0259n varl\u0131 biznesmenl\u0259r olurdu ki, \u0259v\u0259zind\u0259 monopoliya h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 v\u0259 ya hans\u0131sa x\u00fcsusi d\u00f6vl\u0259t g\u00fcz\u0259\u015ftil\u0259 t\u0259min edilirdil\u0259r. \u018fn u\u011fursuz t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259 sad\u0259 \u0259hali idi, \u00e7\u00fcnki b\u00fct\u00fcn bu korrupsiya sazi\u015fl\u0259ri onlar\u0131n cibind\u0259n gedirdi. Burda d\u0259rk edilm\u0259si g\u0259r\u0259k\u0259n \u0259n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli m\u0259qam korrupsiyan\u0131n \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r d\u0259, indi d\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcfi olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u018fksin\u0259, o, hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259n m\u0259qs\u0259dy\u00f6nl\u00fc \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 sui-istifad\u0259d\u0259n qaynaqlan\u0131r v\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259t d\u0259yi\u015fikliyinin strukturunun t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00fc kimi g\u00f6zd\u0259n ke\u00e7irilm\u0259lidir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Korrupsiyayla siyasi idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin formas\u0131 bir-biril\u0259 yax\u0131ndan \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r. K\u00fctl\u0259vi r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259txorluq v\u0259 ya d\u00f6vl\u0259t q\u0259sbi hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259kil\u0259ri b\u0259sl\u0259yir v\u0259 o, avtoritarizml\u0259 d\u0259 s\u0131x ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bir qayda olaraq, \u0259halinin maraqlar\u0131 korrupsiyaya ictimai n\u0259zar\u0259t m\u00f6vcud olark\u0259n t\u0259min edilir, bu n\u0259zar\u0259tin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7oxdursa, demokratiya v\u0259 h\u00fcququn aliliyi ictimaiyy\u0259tin maraqlar\u0131na o q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7ox cavab verir. Ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet Blokunun 21 \u00f6lk\u0259sind\u0259ki g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259r h\u0259r \u015feyi ayd\u0131n sur\u0259td\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Avropa Birliyin\u0259 qo\u015fulan 9 M\u0259rk\u0259zi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa (M\u015eA) \u00f6lk\u0259si \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 qrupu t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Onlar demokratik siyasi sisteml\u0259ri \u0259ld\u0259 edibl\u0259r (h\u0259tta b\u0259zil\u0259rind\u0259, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Macar\u0131stan v\u0259 Pol\u015fada demokratiyan\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259l\u0259r olsa da) v\u0259 bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259txorluq q\u0259na\u0259tb\u0259x\u015f n\u0259zar\u0259t alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Beyn\u0259lxalq \u015e\u0259ffafl\u0131q T\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fc Korrupsiya Qavrama \u0130ndeksi-nin (B\u015eT) korrupsiyaya n\u0259zar\u0259t \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259rind\u0259 bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r bir-birl\u0259rin\u0259 yax\u0131nd\u0131rlar v\u0259 getdikc\u0259 d\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015f\u0131rlar. Onlar\u0131n demokratiya il\u0259 ictimai inteqrasiya kombinasiyalar\u0131 stabildir. Avropa Birliyin\u0259 yeni qo\u015fulan v\u0259 Avropan\u0131n \u0259n \u00e7ox korrupsiyala\u015fm\u0131\u015f iki \u00f6lk\u0259si Bolqar\u0131stan v\u0259 Ruminiyaya (Yunan\u0131stan v\u0259 \u0130taliya kimi ke\u00e7mi\u015f \u00fczvl\u0259rl\u0259 birg\u0259) r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n, bu bel\u0259dir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Birinci c\u0259dv\u0259lin \u0259ks q\u00fctb\u00fcnd\u0259 7 pis m\u00fcvazin\u0259tli \u00f6lk\u0259 q\u0259rarla\u015f\u0131b. Az\u0259rbaycan, Belarus, Qazax\u0131stan, Rusiya, Tacikistan, T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan v\u0259 \u00d6zb\u0259kistan bir vaxtlar SSR\u0130-ni t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n respublikalar idi. Bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259r avtoritar qap\u0131lar arxas\u0131ndad\u0131r v\u0259 onlarda iqtisadiyyat r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259t maraqlar\u0131yla q\u0259sb edilib. Beyn\u0259lxalq \u015e\u0259ffafl\u0131q T\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fc t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 2015-ci ilin reytinq siyah\u0131s\u0131nda onlar\u0131 107-d\u0259n 154-c\u0259n s\u0131ralay\u0131b (Korrupsiya Qavrama \u0130ndeksi \u0259n b\u0259rbad olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r \u015eimali Koreya v\u0259 Somali 167-ci n\u00f6mr\u0259d\u0259 q\u0259rarla\u015f\u0131blar). Bu 7 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259ki iqtidarlar hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259kil\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259dsiz qazancl\u0131, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn is\u0259 ac\u0131nacaql\u0131 olan m\u00f6vqed\u0259 oturublar. Avtoritar sabitlik bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 g\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7\u0259kliyidir v\u0259 bu, iqtidardak\u0131 elitaya geni\u015f k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259rin maraqlar\u0131n\u0131 tapdalamaqla korrupsiyadan enin\u0259-uzununa b\u0259sl\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 imkan verir. N\u0259h\u0259ng, qeyri-qanuni yollarla m\u0259nims\u0259nilmi\u015f s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259ri \u0259ll\u0259ril\u0259 qarmalayan q\u00fcdr\u0259tli idar\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r onlar\u0131 k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc sur\u0259td\u0259 qaytarmaq ist\u0259mirl\u0259r. Onlar\u0131n Q\u0259rbin t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259nqidl\u0259rin\u0259 qulaq asmaq fikirl\u0259ri d\u0259 yoxdur. Az\u0259rbaycan, Qazax\u0131stan, Rusiya v\u0259 T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan neft \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ridir. \u018fg\u0259r bir kims\u0259 d\u00fcnyada iqtisadiyyatlar\u0131 neft g\u0259lirl\u0259rind\u0259n h\u0259dsiz as\u0131l\u0131 olan 16 \u00f6lk\u0259ni (\u00dcDM-l\u0259 hesablananda neftd\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olduqlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr) ara\u015fd\u0131rsa, bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin he\u00e7 birind\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u0259r. \u0130dar\u0259\u00e7id\u0259n \u00f6tr\u00fc neft s\u0259rv\u0259tind\u0259n sui-istifad\u0259 texniki bax\u0131mdan \u00e7ox asand\u0131r, \u0259hali is\u0259 neftl\u0259 z\u0259nginliyin, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, onlara aid olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259r. Pis ad \u00e7\u0131xaran “Neft l\u0259n\u0259ti”nin t\u0259bi\u0259ti d\u0259 el\u0259 bundan ibar\u0259tdir. Neftl\u0259 z\u0259ngin bu 4 post-sovet \u00f6lk\u0259sind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yegan\u0259 \u015fans iqtidarlar\u0131n \u00f6lk\u0259 daxilind\u0259n devrilm\u0259sidir, k\u0259nar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bunu s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259ndirm\u0259k v\u0259 ya mane olmaq imkanlar\u0131 \u00e7ox azd\u0131r. Prosesin yerind\u0259n t\u0259rp\u0259nm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n ayd\u0131n potensial m\u0259nb\u0259 neft qiym\u0259tl\u0259rinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 h\u0259dd\u0259 qalmas\u0131d\u0131r, y\u0259qin ki, 2014-c\u00fc ild\u0259 ba\u015flanan v\u0259 iki ildir davam etm\u0259kd\u0259 israr ed\u0259n indiki b\u00f6hran n\u00fcmun\u0259 ola bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Orta qrupda 5 post-Sovet \u00f6lk\u0259si q\u0259rarla\u015f\u0131r: Erm\u0259nistan, Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan, Moldova v\u0259 Ukrayna. Onlar\u0131n da h\u0259r biri bir vaxtlar Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131na daxil olan “sosialist respublikalar\u0131” olublar. Bu qrup \u00fc\u00e7 qrupdan \u0259n maraql\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Buradak\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r korrupsiya s\u0259viyy\u0259si v\u0259 siyasi sistem bax\u0131m\u0131ndan x\u0259rit\u0259 boyunca yay\u0131l\u0131blar v\u0259 onlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bariz x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri yoxdur. Erm\u0259nistan v\u0259 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan Rusiyan\u0131n t\u0259zyiqil\u0259 Avrasiya \u0130qtisadi \u0130ttifaq\u0131na (A\u0130\u0130) qo\u015fulublar. Bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 avtoritarizm v\u0259 r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259txorluq s\u0259viyy\u0259si y\u00fcks\u0259kdir – 2015-ci il B\u015eT-nin indeksin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 onlar 95-ci v\u0259 123-c\u00fc pill\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 q\u0259rarla\u015f\u0131blar – ancaq onlar post-Sovetd\u0259 bu m\u0259nada \u0259n b\u0259rbadlar\u0131 deyill\u0259r. Erm\u0259nistana r\u0259qib Az\u0259rbaycanla qar\u015f\u0131durmada Rusiyan\u0131n h\u0259rbi d\u0259st\u0259yi h\u0259yati \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t k\u0259sb edir. Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00c7inl\u0259 ticar\u0259t tranzitind\u0259 A\u0130\u0130-nin g\u00f6mr\u00fck baryerl\u0259rini d\u0259mir p\u0259rd\u0259 kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcr, o, bunlardan azad h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t ed\u0259 bilm\u0259z. Rusiyan\u0131n layih\u0259sin\u0259 \u00fczv olmaq bu iki \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 iqtisadi v\u0259 siyasi idar\u0259\u00e7ilik bax\u0131m\u0131ndan pis t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir.\n<\/p>\n

\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn demokratiyaya yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla v\u0259 B\u015eT-nin s\u0131ralama indeksind\u0259ki yeriyl\u0259 (48-ci yer) post-Sovet m\u0259kan\u0131nda Baltik \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n sonra \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 m\u00f6vqey\u0259 malikdir. O, post-Sovetd\u0259 yegan\u0259 qeyri-Baltik \u00f6lk\u0259sidir ki, korrupsiyan\u0131 u\u011furla n\u0259zar\u0259ti alt\u0131na ala bilib: bu t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcsd\u0259 \u0259n m\u0259\u015fhur q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015f prezident Mixeil Saaka\u015fvilinin h\u0259r k\u0259s\u0259 \u0259yan xo\u015fb\u0259xt-r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259txor G\u00fcrc\u00fc Yol Polisind\u0259 apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0259mizl\u0259m\u0259l\u0259r olub. Amma buna r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n, G\u00fcrc\u00fc demokratiyas\u0131 v\u0259 onun iqtisadi idar\u0259\u00e7ilikd\u0259ki ir\u0259lil\u0259yi\u015fl\u0259ri xarici v\u0259 daxili q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin t\u0259hdidi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ukrayna s\u0259rh\u0259din \u0259n h\u00fcdudunda dayan\u0131b. 42.5 milyon \u0259halisiyl\u0259 o, Rusiyadan sonra \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck post-Sovet \u00f6lk\u0259sidir. Ukrayna \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259ki y\u00fcks\u0259k r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259txorlu\u011fa g\u00f6r\u0259 2015-ci il B\u015eT-nin indeks s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda b\u0259rbad yerd\u0259 q\u0259rarla\u015f\u0131b (130-cu yer), ancaq bu \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 q\u0131z\u011f\u0131n siyasi r\u0259qab\u0259t v\u0259 h\u0259tta tam demokratiyaya cavab ver\u0259n x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259r var. Ki\u00e7ik Moldova (2.9 milyon \u0259hali) s\u0131ran\u0131 davam etdirir, nisb\u0259t\u0259n az korrupsiyas\u0131yla o, B\u015eT-nin 2015-ci il indeks s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 103-c\u00fc m\u00f6vqed\u0259 q\u0259rarla\u015f\u0131b.\n<\/p>\n

\n Daron Acemo\u011flu v\u0259 Ceyms Robinzonun t\u0259birinc\u0259 des\u0259k, M\u0259rk\u0259zi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259qdir\u0259layiq bir \u00e7evr\u0259nin i\u00e7in\u0259 b\u0259rk-b\u0259rk p\u0259r\u00e7im olunduqlar\u0131 halda, istismar\u00e7\u0131 post-Sovet \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri kor \u00e7evr\u0259nin daxilind\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcbl\u0259r. T\u0259r\u0259dd\u00fcd ed\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r is\u0259 \u0259srin d\u00f6rdd\u0259 biri \u0259rzind\u0259 \u00e7evr\u0259d\u0259n qa\u00e7maqla m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olublar.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Post-Sovet korrupsiyas\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00fc
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n Post-Sovet d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndak\u0131 korrupsiya t\u0259kam\u00fcl edib. Kommunizmin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u0259n sonrak\u0131 ilk d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259t sazi\u015fl\u0259ri nec\u0259 g\u0259ldi, harda g\u0259ldi ba\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131. Qanunlar v\u0259 qaydalar o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 pozulmurdu, \u00e7\u00fcnki onlar sad\u0259c\u0259 olaraq m\u00f6vcud deyildil\u0259r, eyni vaxtda says\u0131z-hesabs\u0131z d\u00f6vl\u0259t qulluq\u00e7usunun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 maa\u015f is\u0259 he\u00e7 yem\u0259kl\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7atm\u0131rd\u0131. Bir \u00e7oxu \u00f6z v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n sui-istifad\u0259 etm\u0259kl\u0259 g\u00f6b\u0259l\u0259k kimi artan sahibkarlardan pul \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Andrey \u015eleyfler v\u0259 Robert Vi\u015fni bunu “qeyri-m\u00fct\u0259\u015f\u0259kkil” korrupsiya adland\u0131r\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Y\u00fcks\u0259k \u00e7inli y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 m\u0259murlar\u0131n \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r bel\u0259 xaotik d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259n az ba\u015f \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 dem\u0259y\u0259 ehtiyac yoxdur. Lakin m\u00fcnt\u0259z\u0259m olaraq, onlar “\u00e7irkli pullar”a daha \u00e7ox n\u0259zar\u0259t etm\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 onu \u00f6z t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7\u0259km\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Korrupsiya yuxar\u0131 axma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Qayda-qanunun yoxlu\u011fu \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259n\u0259n reket\u00e7iliyi h\u00fcquq-m\u00fchafiz\u0259 orqanlar\u0131 daha \u00e7ox n\u0259zar\u0259t\u0259 ald\u0131lar.\n<\/p>\n

\n 2000-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 ke\u00e7iril\u0259n bir \u00e7ox sor\u011fular g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, Rusiyada \u00f6d\u0259nil\u0259n r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259tl\u0259rin say\u0131 azal\u0131b, buna baxmayaraq, r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259tin miqdar\u0131 o q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7oxal\u0131b ki, r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259txorlu\u011fun \u00fcmumi miqyas\u0131 art\u0131b, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259 des\u0259k, artmaqda olan pul hakimiyy\u0259tin yuxar\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda oturan az qism insana gedir. Eyni zamanda d\u00f6vl\u0259t administrasiyas\u0131n\u0131n funksiyas\u0131 yax\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131b. Rusiya qeyri-m\u00fct\u0259\u015f\u0259kkil korrupsiyadan daha effektiv d\u00f6vl\u0259t q\u0259sbin\u0259 ke\u00e7ib. \u0130dar\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rin \u0259n \u0259sas m\u0259qs\u0259di odur ki, pulun onlar\u0131n ist\u0259diyi yer\u0259 getdiyin\u0259 \u0259min olsunlar, y\u0259ni r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259t ya onlar\u0131n \u00f6z, ya da qohumlar\u0131yla dostlar\u0131n\u0131n cibl\u0259rin\u0259 getm\u0259lidir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Buna b\u0259nz\u0259r t\u0259kam\u00fcl prosesi dig\u0259r avtoritar \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 d\u0259 ba\u015f verib. \u00dcmum\u0259n bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin h\u0259r biri bir feodal strukturu \u0259xz edibl\u0259r, idar\u0259\u00e7i maliyy\u0259ni qeyri-r\u0259smi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 yuxar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya el\u0259 d\u00fcz\u00fcr ki, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n hiss\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya gedir, amma \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti yuxar\u0131da qal\u0131r. 7 h\u0259qiqi q\u0259sbkar post-Sovet d\u00f6vl\u0259ti \u00f6z m\u0259nafel\u0259rini g\u00fcd\u0259n o\u011frular t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n idar\u0259 olunan kleptokratiyalara \u00e7evrilibl\u0259r. Bu, xarici investorlar\u0131 da cayd\u0131rmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir \u00e7ox xarici biznesmenl\u0259r b\u0259zi bu c\u00fcr rejiml\u0259rd\u0259ki stabilliyi v\u0259 proqnozla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131la bilin\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yi qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirirl\u0259r. Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259 Qazax\u0131stan z\u0259ngin neft ehtiyatlar\u0131 v\u0259 stabil idar\u0259\u00e7ilik kombinasiyalar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, birba\u015fa xarici investisiyan\u0131n y\u00f6n\u0259ldiyi \u0259sas iki \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7evrilibl\u0259r. Onlar\u0131n h\u0259r birind\u0259 \u00f6d\u0259nilm\u0259si g\u0259r\u0259k\u0259n r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259tin miqdar\u0131n\u0131 asanca hesablamaq olur v\u0259 investorlar buna \u00f6zl\u0259rinin investisiya q\u0259rarlar\u0131nda asanl\u0131qla qiym\u0259t qoya bilirl\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n \"\"
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n M\u00fcvazin\u0259tsiz 5 ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet \u00f6lk\u0259sind\u0259, \u0259ksin\u0259 olaraq, nizams\u0131z korrupsiya ba\u015f qald\u0131r\u0131b. O, proqnozla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131la bilm\u0259y\u0259n \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif gizli k\u00fcnc-bucaqlara, \u00e7atlaqlara v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t b\u00fcrokratiyas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 yay\u0131l\u0131b, baxmayaraq ki, b\u0259zi s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259r (b\u0259zi y\u00fcks\u0259k\u00e7inli d\u00f6vl\u0259t r\u0259smil\u0259ri) h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 d\u00fcr\u00fcst ola bil\u0259rl\u0259r. Moldova v\u0259 Ukraynada sahibkarlar tez-tez kim\u0259 pul \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259k laz\u0131m oldu\u011funu bilm\u0259dikl\u0259rind\u0259n gileyl\u0259nirl\u0259r v\u0259 yaxud onlar m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u0259bl\u0259\u011fi \u00f6d\u0259y\u0259, amma \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259rini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckl\u0259ri xidm\u0259ti almaya bil\u0259rl\u0259r. Ortada var-g\u0259l ed\u0259n qrupun maraql\u0131 c\u0259h\u0259ti onun \u00fczvl\u0259rinin daim d\u00f6vl\u0259t q\u0259sbin\u0259 s\u0259rb\u0259st niyy\u0259tl\u0259nm\u0259l\u0259ridir. H\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd bu be\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259nin h\u0259r birind\u0259 avtoritarizmin t\u0259l\u0259b etdiyi g\u00fcc\u0259 konsentrasiya olma\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u0259tin oldu\u011fu \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131b. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin he\u00e7 birind\u0259 diktatura qurmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmay\u0131b. Regionlararas\u0131 s\u0259rt b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tin m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 imkan vermir. Ukraynada rus dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan \u015f\u0259rql\u0259, ukrayn dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan q\u0259rb aras\u0131nda par\u00e7alanma m\u00f6vcuddur. Moldova avropap\u0259r\u0259stl\u0259rl\u0259 kommunistl\u0259r\u0259 ayr\u0131l\u0131b. Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131standa c\u0259nubla \u015fimal\u0131 h\u00fcnd\u00fcr da\u011flar ay\u0131r\u0131r. G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 azl\u0131qlar v\u0259 m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b da\u011f icmalar\u0131 var. Erm\u0259nistan Az\u0259rbaycanla m\u00fcharib\u0259 \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259dir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu narahat \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin h\u0259r birind\u0259 – ham\u0131s\u0131 1991-ci ild\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qillik qazanandan b\u0259ri yet\u0259ri q\u0259d\u0259r qan g\u00f6r\u00fcbl\u0259r – \u00e7\u0259ki\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 nizams\u0131z daxili siyasi ab-hava davam edir. Bu da \u00f6z n\u00f6vb\u0259sind\u0259 onlarda \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259m\u0259xsus korrupsiyan\u0131n formala\u015fmas\u0131na g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131b, ham\u0131s\u0131nda da ox\u015far nizams\u0131zl\u0131q var. Onlar\u0131n h\u0259r birind\u0259 n\u0259 zamank\u0131 rejim korrupsiyan\u0131n faydalar\u0131ndan yararlanmaq ist\u0259yib, g\u00fccl\u00fc xalq m\u00fcqavim\u0259til\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131b v\u0259 o, m\u0259hv\u0259 m\u0259hkum olub. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 korrupsiya siyasi piramidan\u0131n zirv\u0259sin\u0259, h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n avtoritar olan dig\u0259r post-Sovet \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259ki q\u0259d\u0259r n\u00fcfuz ed\u0259 bilm\u0259yib.\n<\/p>\n

\n Ortadak\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin h\u0259r birind\u0259 “r\u0259ngli inqilab” v\u0259 yaxud buna b\u0259nz\u0259r \u015fey ba\u015f tutub. 2003-c\u00fc ild\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcsdanda \u201cQ\u0131z\u0131lg\u00fcl\u201d \u0130nqilab\u0131, Ukraynada 2004-d\u0259 \u201cNar\u0131nc\u0131\u201d \u0130nqilab ba\u015f verib, 10 ild\u0259n sonra is\u0259 Avromaydan h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131b. 2005-ci ild\u0259 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131standa \u201cZanbaq\u201d \u0130nqilab\u0131 ba\u015f verdiyi t\u0259qdird\u0259, Erm\u0259nistanda v\u0259 Moldovada ard\u0131c\u0131l g\u00fccl\u00fc xalq \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ba\u015f verib.\n<\/p>\n

\n T\u0259krarlanan siyasi qeyri-sabitliyi v\u0259 nizams\u0131z korrupsiyan\u0131n qar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alsaq, bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin iqtisadi bax\u0131mdan yax\u015f\u0131 performans g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259m\u0259si t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fc deyil. D\u00fcnya Bank\u0131n\u0131n D\u00fcnya \u0130nki\u015faf G\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259ri bazas\u0131na \u0259sas\u0259n, Erm\u0259nistandan ba\u015fqa, dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin h\u0259r birinin \u00dcDM-i (\u018fhalinin Al\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q Qabiliyy\u0259tin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr) 1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259kind\u0259n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Ukrayna \u00f6n\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r: he\u00e7 bir \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 Ukraynadak\u0131 q\u0259d\u0259r a\u015fkarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n v\u0259 korrupsiyan\u0131n eyni vaxtda qar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00f6vcud deyil. Bel\u0259 bir qar\u0131\u015f\u0131q \u00e7ox qeyri-stabildir. Ukrayna el\u0259dir ki, o, ya devrilmi\u015f prezident Viktor Yanukovi\u00e7in hakimiyy\u0259ti alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu vaxtdak\u0131 kimi m\u00fcnt\u0259z\u0259m olaraq korrupsiyaya u\u011framal\u0131 v\u0259 getdikc\u0259 avtoritarla\u015fmal\u0131, ya da korrupsiyan\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0259sib tam demokratiyaya do\u011fru ir\u0259lil\u0259m\u0259lidir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Korrupsiyaya qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259dir, amma kommunizmin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u0259n d\u00f6rdd\u0259 bir \u0259sr ke\u00e7dikd\u0259n sonra \u0259limizd\u0259 onun nec\u0259 oldu\u011fu bar\u0259d\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131 ideyalar var. Bir ne\u00e7\u0259 iqtisadi g\u00f6st\u0259rici g\u00f6z qaba\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Birincisi, normal bazar iqtisadiyyat\u0131n\u0131n qurulmas\u0131 vacibdir, bel\u0259 ki, ilkin o\u011furlu\u011fun b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259si \u0259mr\u0259-m\u00fcnt\u0259zir iqtisadiyyat\u0131n c\u0259s\u0259dind\u0259n quduzcas\u0131na qidalan\u0131rd\u0131. Birinci add\u0131m d\u00f6vl\u0259t nizamlamas\u0131 v\u0259 azad bazar qiym\u0259tl\u0259ri aras\u0131ndak\u0131 imtiyazl\u0131 arbitraj\u0131 aradan qald\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qiym\u0259tl\u0259rin v\u0259 m\u00fcbadil\u0259 kurslar\u0131n\u0131n yunifikasiyas\u0131ndan ibar\u0259t olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Qiym\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 m\u00fcbadil\u0259 kurslar\u0131 s\u0259rb\u0259st burax\u0131landa, inflyasiya art\u0131r, bu da bank sektorundak\u0131 imtiyazl\u0131 oyun\u00e7ulara spekulyativ qazanclar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yeni imkanlar a\u00e7\u0131r, ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 qiym\u0259tl\u0259ri s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 stabill\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k m\u00fctl\u0259qdir. Sonra Maliyy\u0259 Nazirliyi b\u00fct\u00fcn milli maliyy\u0259 ax\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 idar\u0259 etm\u0259yi \u00f6z \u00f6hd\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259li, d\u00f6vl\u0259t b\u00fcdc\u0259sind\u0259n ayr\u0131lan imtiyazl\u0131 \u00f6d\u0259ni\u015fl\u0259ri l\u0259\u011fv etm\u0259li v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t maliyy\u0259sind\u0259 \u015f\u0259ffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259lidir. D\u00f6vl\u0259t \u015firk\u0259tl\u0259ri korrupsiyan\u0131n \u0259sas m\u0259nb\u0259yidirl\u0259r, ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 ya sat\u0131lmal\u0131, ya da \u0259n az\u0131ndan \u015f\u0259ffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u0259min edilm\u0259si v\u0259 h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli korporativ idar\u0259\u00e7ilik \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcst\u0259qil bordlara h\u0259val\u0259 olunmal\u0131d\u0131rlar.\n<\/p>\n

\n Ba\u015f ver\u0259n h\u0259r bir n\u00f6qsanl\u0131 praktikada g\u00fccl\u00fc tamahkar maraqlar m\u00f6vcud oldu\u011fu t\u0259qdird\u0259 buna nec\u0259 nail olmaq olar? Cavablar s\u00fcr\u0259tli v\u0259 t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Erk\u0259n, s\u00fcr\u0259tli v\u0259 daha radikal islahatlar oldu\u011fu t\u0259qdird\u0259, h\u0259yata ke\u00e7\u0259c\u0259k imkanlar da \u00e7oxal\u0131r. Yubanma bir d\u0259 qurtulmaq h\u0259dsiz \u00e7\u0259tin olan himay\u0259dar axtar\u0131\u015f\u0131 maraqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oxalmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Demokratiya h\u0259yati \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tlidir: h\u0259tta yax\u015f\u0131 \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259r g\u00f6rm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 s\u0259mimi olaraq g\u0259l\u0259n siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r bel\u0259 qanunsuz olaraq varlanmaqdan i\u015ftahlana bil\u0259rl\u0259r, demokratiya da odur ki, insanlar bir n\u0259f\u0259rin peyda olub k\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 yol verm\u0259d\u0259n i\u015f g\u00f6r\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi zamana q\u0259d\u0259r “k\u0259l\u0259kbazlar\u0131 r\u0259dd el\u0259y\u0259” bilirl\u0259r. Demokratiyalar\u0131n avtoritar rejiml\u0259rd\u0259n \u00e7ox daha az korrupsiyala\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259ri el\u0259-bel\u0259 deyil.\n<\/p>\n

\n Hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259kil\u0259ri t\u0259fti\u015f ed\u0259 bilm\u0259kd\u0259n \u00f6tr\u00fc, \u00f6lk\u0259nin qanunverici hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259 daha effektiv i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259 bil\u0259n g\u00fccl\u00fc m\u00fcxalif\u0259t\u0259 ehtiyac\u0131 var. Yeni h\u00fcquqi v\u0259 iqtisadi sistem qurmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn y\u00fczl\u0259rl\u0259 yeni qanunlar t\u0259l\u0259b olunur. Yaln\u0131zca h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259n demokratik qanunvericilik bunu d\u00fczg\u00fcn h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259 bil\u0259r. Prezident f\u0259rman\u0131 qaydas\u0131 \u0259v\u0259z olunmal\u0131d\u0131r: o, h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli m\u00fczakir\u0259d\u0259n ke\u00e7irilmi\u015f v\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f qanunlardan keyfiyy\u0259t v\u0259 ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131q bax\u0131m\u0131ndan geri qal\u0131r. H\u0259m\u00e7inin qanunverici orqanlar h\u0259dsiz \u015f\u0259ffaf olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar, nazirl\u0259ri \u00f6z yerl\u0259rind\u0259 oturdan ictimai dinl\u0259m\u0259l\u0259r m\u00fctl\u0259qdir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Buna baxmayaraq, \u00e7oxlu maliyy\u0259si v\u0259 imtiyazlar\u0131 olan idar\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r m\u00fcxalif\u0259tl\u0259 \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q ed\u0259 bil\u0259rl\u0259r, nec\u0259 ki, Moldovada v\u0259 Ukraynada bu ba\u015f vermi\u015fdi. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti v\u0259 \u0259zmkar azad media formas\u0131nda n\u0259zar\u0259t\u00e7i g\u00f6z olmal\u0131d\u0131r, \u00f6z n\u00f6vb\u0259sind\u0259, onlar\u0131n h\u0259r ikisi d\u0259 \u0259g\u0259r effektiv i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259k ist\u0259yirl\u0259rs\u0259, \u015f\u0259ffaf olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ictimai sektora ehtiyac duyurlar.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u018fsasl\u0131 iqtisadi v\u0259 siyasi islahatlardan sonra h\u00fcququn aliliyinin in\u015fas\u0131na ke\u00e7ilm\u0259lidir. \u015e\u0259rqi Almaniya, Estoniya v\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan \u0259n radikal v\u0259 u\u011furlu \u0259dliyy\u0259 islahatlar\u0131 aparan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rdirl\u0259r. Bu islahatlar erk\u0259n, \u00e7\u0259ki\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli idil\u0259r. Onlar k\u00f6hn\u0259 kommunist m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259l\u0259ri, hakiml\u0259ri silib s\u00fcp\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r v\u0259 h\u0259r \u015fey\u0259 yeni hey\u0259tl\u0259 s\u0131f\u0131rdan ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130slahatlar prinsipl\u0259r \u0259sas\u0131nda h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259lidir, ancaq hans\u0131 sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rin h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259c\u0259yi g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tin \u0259n vacib ehtiyac v\u0259 \u015f\u0259raitl\u0259rind\u0259n h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli x\u0259b\u0259rdar olmaqla m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. H\u0259qiqi islahatlar ist\u0259y\u0259n v\u0259 onlar\u0131 realla\u015fd\u0131rma\u011fa c\u0259sar\u0259t ed\u0259n liderl\u0259r \u0259v\u0259zsizdirl\u0259r. \u0130slahatlar fikir birliyi, yaxud m\u00fcbahis\u0259l\u0259r olmadan h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259 bilm\u0259z, \u00e7\u00fcnki \u00f6lk\u0259nin \u0259n varl\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259n g\u00fccl\u00fc insanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u0259zil\u0259ri b\u00f6y\u00fck itki il\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015fm\u0259lidirl\u0259r. \u0130slahatlar\u0131 b\u0259zi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin etdiyi kimi adda-budda h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259k, astag\u0259l v\u0259 az t\u0259sirli n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Siyasi sistemin \u00e7\u0259kisi
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n Kommunist partiyalar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovet Blokunu idar\u0259 edirdil\u0259r, lakin kommunizmd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259lki siyasi sisteml\u0259r v\u0259 konstitusiya \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259ri f\u0259rqliydi. M\u0259rk\u0259zi-\u015e\u0259rqi Avropa (M\u015eA) \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259raras\u0131 (I v\u0259 II D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259ri-t\u0259rc) konstitusiyalar\u0131 Montesky\u00f6n\u00fcn hakimiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259si ideyas\u0131na \u0259saslan\u0131rd\u0131. Onlardan bir ne\u00e7\u0259si, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 Pol\u015fa v\u0259 Rum\u0131niya post-kommunizm d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 \u0259sas hakimiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcy\u00fc prezidentlik formas\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131lar, ancaq bu, AB standartlar\u0131na m\u0259cbur edilm\u0259d\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l idi. Bir ne\u00e7\u0259 g\u00fccl\u00fc prezidentlik \u00fcsuluyla idar\u0259 edil\u0259n \u00fczv\u00fc olsa da, AB dig\u0259r \u00fczvl\u0259rini parlamentizm istiqam\u0259tin\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259ldir, M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin konstitusiyalar\u0131 da bunun \u0259sas\u0131nda t\u0259kmill\u0259\u015fibl\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Ke\u00e7mi\u015f SSR\u0130-nin avtoritar \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri is\u0259 \u0259ksin\u0259, b\u00fct\u00fcn x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ril\u0259 g\u00fccl\u00fc prezidentlik \u00fcsul idar\u0259si il\u0259 idar\u0259 olunurlar. B\u00f6y\u00fck miqyasda onlar k\u00f6hn\u0259 Sovet x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tini yenid\u0259n istehsal edibl\u0259r. Onlar\u0131n \u00e7oxunda kommunizm \u00e7\u00f6k\u0259nd\u0259 k\u00f6hn\u0259 kommunist ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259ni partiya m\u0259rk\u0259zinin binas\u0131ndan idar\u0259 etm\u0259kd\u0259 davam etdi, birc\u0259 f\u0259rq ondayd\u0131 ki, indi o, “Sovet Sosialist Respublikas\u0131”n\u0131n ba\u015f katibi olmaq \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259, prezident idi. \u018fld\u0259 r\u0259hb\u0259r tutulan idar\u0259\u00e7ilik metodu qanunvericilikd\u0259n ke\u00e7mi\u015f qanun layih\u0259si daxil yaz\u0131l\u0131 t\u0259limat olmaqdansa, sad\u0259 bir telefon z\u0259ngind\u0259n ibar\u0259t idi v\u0259 bu metod indi d\u0259 davam edir. Bu c\u00fcr sistem iqtidardak\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6zl\u0259rinin “praktiki” mikromenecmentl\u0259rinin xeyrin\u0259 qanundan imtina etm\u0259y\u0259 h\u0259v\u0259sl\u0259ndirir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 d\u0259 ortadak\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r n\u0259 bu d\u00fc\u015f\u0259rg\u0259d\u0259dirl\u0259r, n\u0259 d\u0259 o birisind\u0259. \u00d6zl\u0259rinin suveren m\u00f6vcudluqlar\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 onlarda t\u0259krarlanan konstitusional d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rl\u0259 yadda qalan yar\u0131m-prezidentlik \u00fcsul idar\u0259l\u0259ri hakim olub v\u0259 onlar\u0131n h\u0259r birisi icraedici hakimiyy\u0259t u\u011frunda prezidentl\u0259 ba\u015f nazirin daimi \u00e7\u0259ki\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 d\u00fc\u00e7ar olublar. Yar\u0131m-prezidentlik sisteml\u0259ri qeyri-stabillikd\u0259n \u0259ziyy\u0259t \u00e7\u0259kir (n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 d\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259t az effektiv olur), ancaq prezidentlik \u00fcsul-idar\u0259si avtoritarizm\u0259 do\u011fru qa\u00e7\u0131\u015fda rekordlarla z\u0259ngindir. Be\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259nin be\u015fi d\u0259 t\u0259miz parlamentizm\u0259 can at\u0131blar, ancaq bu yolda \u00f6z g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fchafiz\u0259 etm\u0259k ist\u0259y\u0259n prezident t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yubad\u0131l\u0131blar. Bir \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259 parlament se\u00e7kil\u0259ri qaydalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131naqdan ke\u00e7irib v\u0259 islahatlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259l\u0259b siyah\u0131lar\u0131 yay\u0131l\u0131b. T\u0259k\u00fczvl\u00fc dair\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259rin \u00e7oxunu qazanmaq prinsipi biznes adamlar\u0131na f\u0259rdi yerl\u0259ri sat\u0131n alma\u011fa asanl\u0131qla imkan verdiyind\u0259n, partiya siyah\u0131lar\u0131yla proporsional n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259lik v\u0259 s\u0259s-pay\u0131 baryerl\u0259ri sistemi daha m\u00fcnasib yoldur. Partiya siyah\u0131lar\u0131ndak\u0131 yerl\u0259rin al\u0131n\u0131b-sat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, Finlandiyada v\u0259 Almaniyada oldu\u011fu kimi se\u00e7icil\u0259rin t\u0259kc\u0259 partiyalara deyil, h\u0259m\u00e7inin se\u00e7dikl\u0259r\u0259 namiz\u0259d\u0259 d\u0259 s\u0259s verm\u0259y\u0259 icaz\u0259l\u0259ri olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kampaniya t\u0259kc\u0259 ictimai maliyy\u0259 \u0259sas\u0131nda \u00f6d\u0259nilm\u0259lidir v\u0259 televiziya t\u0259\u015fviqat\u0131 ciddi sur\u0259td\u0259 nizamlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Siyasi sinif \u00fczvl\u0259ri aras\u0131ndak\u0131 maraqlar v\u0259 m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131rmaqdan \u00f6tr\u00fc, \u015f\u0259xsi hesablarla ba\u011fl\u0131 ciddi m\u0259lumat toplanmal\u0131, onlara n\u0259zar\u0259t edilm\u0259li v\u0259 k\u0259nar g\u0259lirl\u0259r\u0259 qada\u011fa qoyulmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n \"\"
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n
\n AB n\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 vacibdir?
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n AB-nin qon\u015fuluqdak\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 idar\u0259\u00e7ilik bax\u0131m\u0131ndan etdiyi t\u0259sir h\u0259dsiz heyr\u0259tamizdir. \u201cFreedom House\u201d v\u0259 \u0130stehlak Qiym\u0259tl\u0259ri \u0130ndeksi-nin g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyi kimi onlar\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131 \u0259la istiqam\u0259t g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcbl\u0259r. Ke\u00e7mi\u015f\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r sald\u0131qda, bel\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, AB-y\u0259 daxil olmaq prosesi \u00e7ox yax\u015f\u0131 strukturla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131b. Qurum potensial yeni \u00fczvl\u0259rd\u0259n bir \u00e7ox \u00e7\u0259tin tap\u015f\u0131r\u0131qlar\u0131 yerin\u0259 yetirm\u0259l\u0259rini t\u0259l\u0259b edirdi, ancaq bu \u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fckafat da b\u00f6y\u00fck idi.\n<\/p>\n

\n 1989-cu ild\u0259 post-kommunist M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n \u0259sas \u015f\u00fcar q\u0131z\u011f\u0131n “Avropaya qay\u0131d\u0131\u015f” \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ibar\u0259t idi. Siyasi liderl\u0259r v\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck xalq \u00e7oxluqlar\u0131 ox\u015far \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 Avropan\u0131n demokratiya d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rini, h\u00fcququn aliliyini v\u0259 azad-bazar iqtisadiyyat\u0131n\u0131 r\u0259hb\u0259r tuturdular. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r korrupsiya il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 h\u0259yati \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. Bu d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259rk\u0259n, ola bilsin, b\u0259zi siyasi liderl\u0259r i\u00e7l\u0259rind\u0259 o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 co\u015f\u011fu hiss etm\u0259yibl\u0259r, lakin AB-y\u0259 \u00fczvl\u00fck u\u011frunda ictimai d\u0259st\u0259k o q\u0259d\u0259r q\u00fcvv\u0259tli idi ki, he\u00e7 bir mane\u0259 buna tab g\u0259tir\u0259 bilm\u0259zdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Avropa Birliyin\u0259 daxil olmazdan \u0259vv\u0259l, M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131na Avropa boyunca s\u0259rb\u0259st s\u0259yah\u0259t etm\u0259k h\u00fcququ verm\u0259kl\u0259, AB \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck bir n\u00fcfuz qazanm\u0131\u015f oldu. \u0130lkin m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259 azad ticar\u0259t sazi\u015fl\u0259ri vasit\u0259sil\u0259 AB \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn n\u0259h\u0259ng bazar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu. Sovet Bloku hakimiyy\u0259ti alt\u0131nda \u015f\u0259rq istiqam\u0259tli olan M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri \u00f6z ixracatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evik \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 q\u0259rb istiqam\u0259tin\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259ltdil\u0259r v\u0259 tezlikl\u0259 xarici ticar\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u00fc\u00e7d\u0259 ikisini AB il\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1992-95-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 AB M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 “assosiasiya sazi\u015fl\u0259ri” ba\u011flad\u0131. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, onlar demokratiyan\u0131n \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rin\u0259, h\u00fcququn aliliyin\u0259, insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131na h\u00f6rm\u0259t\u0259, bazar iqtisadiyyat\u0131na v\u0259 effektiv idar\u0259\u00e7iliy\u0259 (1993-c\u00fc ild\u0259 formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lan v\u0259 “Kopenhagen t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259ri” kimi tan\u0131nan) do\u011fru ir\u0259lil\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rs\u0259, r\u0259smi namiz\u0259dl\u0259r kimi q\u0259bul olunacaqd\u0131lar.\n<\/p>\n

\n AB \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn n\u0259h\u0259ng “acquis communautaire” (layiqli c\u0259miyy\u0259t – t\u0259rc) rubrikas\u0131 alt\u0131nda potensial yeni \u00fczvl\u0259rd\u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259siz demokratiyan\u0131n, h\u00fcquqa \u0259saslanan qanunlar\u0131n v\u0259 bazar iqtisadiyyat\u0131n\u0131n bazisini t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n AB-nin y\u00fczminl\u0259rl\u0259 s\u0259hif\u0259 h\u0259cmind\u0259ki qanunlar\u0131n\u0131 q\u0259bul etm\u0259yini t\u0259l\u0259b edirdi. H\u0259tta AB-nin ektensiv texniki k\u00f6m\u0259kliyi il\u0259 bel\u0259, bunlar\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r bir \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 on illik g\u0259r\u0259k oldu. H\u0259r bir namiz\u0259d \u00f6lk\u0259 parlamentin raz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0259ks etdir\u0259n s\u0259rt prosedurlar\u0131 t\u0259tbiq etm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur oldu ki, bu normalar s\u0259yl\u0259 v\u0259 r\u0259smi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 qanunlar\u0131n v\u0259 institutlar\u0131n \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri boyunca h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilmi\u015f olsun.\n<\/p>\n

\n 2004-c\u00fc ilin may\u0131nda ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet Bloku \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri – \u00c7exiya Respublikas\u0131, Estoniya, Macar\u0131stan, Latviya, Litva, Pol\u015fa v\u0259 Slovakiya Avropa Birliyin\u0259 tamh\u00fcquqlu \u00fczv kimi q\u0259bul olundular. 2007-ci ilin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131nda is\u0259 Bolqar\u0131stan v\u0259 Rum\u0131niya onlara qo\u015fuldu. Birinci qrupun q\u0259bulu uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t geni\u015f \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u0259sl u\u011fur kimi \u0259ks-s\u0259da do\u011furmu\u015fdu.\n<\/p>\n

\n H\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd Bolqar\u0131stan v\u0259 Rum\u0131niya quruma \u00fczv q\u0259bul edil\u0259nd\u0259 reaksiyalar o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 \u00fcmidverici olmad\u0131. Bir \u00e7ox t\u0259nqid\u00e7i iki \u00f6lk\u0259nin \u00e7ox asanl\u0131qla \u00fczv q\u0259bul edilm\u0259sind\u0259n \u015fikay\u0259tl\u0259nirdi v\u0259 deyirdil\u0259r ki, AB bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri q\u0259bul etm\u0259zd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l onlardan h\u00fcququn aliliyini h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli v\u0259 ciddi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 t\u0259min etm\u0259l\u0259rini t\u0259l\u0259b etm\u0259liydi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Quruma \u00fczv q\u0259bul edil\u0259nd\u0259n sonra h\u0259r bir \u00fczv \u00f6lk\u0259 \u00f6z illik \u00dcDM-nin 3-4 faizi h\u0259cmind\u0259 AB-d\u0259n qrant al\u0131rd\u0131. Bu m\u0259bl\u0259\u011fin b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259si infrastruktur layih\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 sektoruna s\u0259rf olunurdu. \u018fvv\u0259ll\u0259r M\u015eA regionunda s\u0259yah\u0259t etm\u0259k t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si olan bir k\u0259s AB yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n milli paytaxtlar\u0131n aeroportlar\u0131nda v\u0259 aeroport yollar\u0131nda hans\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r\u0259 yol a\u00e7d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131n \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 bil\u0259r – bu, onlar\u0131n \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r g\u00f6rd\u00fckl\u0259rind\u0259n v\u0259 yaxud qon\u015fuluqdak\u0131 qeyri-AB \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinkind\u0259n k\u0259skin \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 f\u0259rql\u0259nir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Ancaq Macar\u0131standa Viktor Orban\u0131n v\u0259 onun Fide\u015f partiyas\u0131n\u0131n 2010-cu ild\u0259 se\u00e7kil\u0259rd\u0259 qalib g\u0259lm\u0259sind\u0259n sonra ba\u015f ver\u0259n anti-demokratik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, bir \u00f6lk\u0259 quruma daxil olandan sonra AB-nin \u015f\u0259rt r\u0131\u00e7aqlar\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259sird\u0259n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Lakin bu tendensiya \u015fi\u015firdilm\u0259m\u0259lidir. \u201cFredoom House\u201d h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 Macar\u0131stan\u0131 azad \u00f6lk\u0259 kimi s\u0131ralay\u0131r. Haz\u0131rk\u0131 Pol\u015fa h\u00f6kum\u0259ti d\u0259 avtoritar meyill\u0259r s\u0259rgil\u0259yir, ancaq o, polyak v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti v\u0259 Avropa Komissiyas\u0131 timsal\u0131nda \u0259zmkar m\u00fcxalif\u0259tl\u0259 \u00fcz-\u00fcz\u0259dir. Avropa M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259sinin AB boyunca yurisdiksiyas\u0131 m\u00f6vcuddur v\u0259 o, h\u0259tta m\u00fcst\u0259qil \u0259dliyy\u0259 g\u00fcz\u0259\u015fti olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 d\u0259 (Pol\u015fa kimi) milli qanunvericiliy\u0259 qar\u0131\u015fa bil\u0259r. Son ill\u0259rd\u0259 Avropa Komissiyas\u0131 AB-nin qanuni standartlar\u0131na cavab verm\u0259kd\u0259 u\u011fursuzlu\u011fa d\u00fc\u00e7ar olan Bolqar\u0131stan v\u0259 Rum\u0131niyaya qrant verm\u0259kd\u0259n imtina edib.\n<\/p>\n

\n AB-nin t\u0259siri \u0259slind\u0259 g\u00fcman olunandan \u00e7ox daha t\u0259sirli v\u0259 t\u0259kidlidir. Yuxar\u0131dak\u0131 c\u0259dv\u0259ld\u0259 Korrupsiya Qavrama \u0130ndeksi-nin (KQ\u0130) g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, 2000-2015-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 Pol\u015fa, Rum\u0131niya v\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq olaraq Ukraynada korrupsiyaya n\u0259zar\u0259tin yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6z \u0259ksini tap\u0131b. 2005-ci ild\u0259n, AB-y\u0259 qo\u015fuldu\u011fu ilk b\u00fct\u00f6v ild\u0259n sonra Pol\u015fa \u00f6z idar\u0259\u00e7iliyini ilb\u0259il yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131b. Rum\u0131niya bu ill\u0259r boyunca Pol\u015fadan daha korrupsiyala\u015fm\u0131\u015f olaraq qal\u0131b, lakin 2006-c\u0131 ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n (\u00f6lk\u0259nin AB-y\u0259 qo\u015fulmas\u0131ndan bir il \u0259vv\u0259l) o, KQ\u0130-d\u0259 ciddi ir\u0259lil\u0259yi\u015f \u0259ld\u0259 edib. M\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n d\u00f6vr \u0259rzind\u0259 yerind\u0259 sayd\u0131qdan v\u0259 bir balaca geril\u0259y\u0259nd\u0259n sonra, o 2011-d\u0259 yen\u0259 performans\u0131nda s\u00fcr\u0259t y\u0131\u011f\u0131b. Ukrayna (AB \u00fczv\u00fc olmayan) bu \u00fc\u00e7 qon\u015fusu aras\u0131nda h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259tl\u0259 y\u00fckl\u0259nmi\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259 kimi q\u0259bul edilib, ancaq yen\u0259 d\u0259 2000-d\u0259ki \u0259sasl\u0131 islahatlardan sonra o m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n q\u0259d\u0259r ir\u0259lil\u0259yi\u015f\u0259 nail olub. 2002-ci ild\u0259n b\u0259ri onun KQ\u0130-sind\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 olub, geril\u0259m\u0259 o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 ciddi olmay\u0131b, ancaq o, real ir\u0259lil\u0259yi\u015f d\u0259 n\u00fcmayi\u015f etdirm\u0259yib.\n<\/p>\n

\n \"\"
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n \u0130kinci c\u0259dv\u0259l b\u0259zi maraql\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259klif edir. Korrupsiya il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 sah\u0259sind\u0259 AB-nin \u00f6d\u00fcnc verdiyi k\u00f6m\u0259klik a\u00e7\u0131q-a\u015fkar v\u0259 g\u00f6z qaba\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Quruma daxil olandan sonra, AB-nin t\u0259sirinin \u00f6t\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcy\u00fc bar\u0259d\u0259ki yay\u011f\u0131n q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 r\u0259\u011fm\u0259n, h\u0259m Pol\u015fa, h\u0259m d\u0259 Rum\u0131niyan\u0131n AB-y\u0259 \u00fczv olduqdan sonra g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u0259mi\u015f ir\u0259lil\u0259yi\u015f\u0259 nail olduqlar\u0131 inkaredilm\u0259z faktd\u0131r. Eyni \u015fey yeni \u00fczvl\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259 aiddir. \u00dczv olduqdan sonrak\u0131 t\u0259kmill\u0259\u015fm\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rini qavramaq o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 \u00e7\u0259tin olmamal\u0131d\u0131r: AB-y\u0259 inteqrasiya daha \u00e7ox ticar\u0259t\u0259, birba\u015fa xarici investisiyaya, miqrasiyaya, dig\u0259r AB \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 t\u0259lim s\u0259yah\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259, ciddi istehsalat qaydalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 ehtiva ed\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck AB qrantlar\u0131na v\u0259 Avropa H\u00fcquq M\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259si vasit\u0259sil\u0259 AB yuristiksiyas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131r. \u0130kinci c\u0259dv\u0259l “yax\u015f\u0131 niyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 baxmayaraq, donorlar m\u0259hdud n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r \u0259ld\u0259 edibl\u0259r” dey\u0259n Alina Munqiu-Pippidinin s\u0259hv etdiyini ortaya \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r. Tamam \u0259ksin\u0259, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015f\u0259rti yard\u0131mlarla m\u00fc\u015fayi\u0259t olunan AB-y\u0259 \u00fczvl\u00fck heyratamiz n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r do\u011furur. Bundan ba\u015fqa, \u00e7ox da uzaqda olmayan 2005-ci ild\u0259 Pol\u015fa, Rum\u0131niya v\u0259 Ukraynan\u0131n korrupsiya d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259l\u0259rinin ox\u015far olmas\u0131 Ukraynaya da \u00fcmidin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rir.\n<\/p>\n

\n AB t\u0259sirinin \u0259n ibr\u0259tamiz n\u00fcmun\u0259si Rum\u0131niyad\u0131r, bu yax\u0131nlaracan bu \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 korrupsiya geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131 v\u0259 \u00fcst\u0259lik, h\u0259qiqi islahat\u00e7\u0131 liderlik d\u0259 yox idi. M\u00fcnt\u0259z\u0259m ke\u00e7iril\u0259n Avrobarometr ictimai sor\u011fular\u0131na \u0259sas\u0259n, pis idar\u0259\u00e7ilikd\u0259n t\u0259ng\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n rum\u0131nlar Avropada \u0259n AB-p\u0259r\u0259st xalq idil\u0259r. Rum\u0131n liderl\u0259ri ictimaiyy\u0259tin inadkar q\u0259z\u0259bini e\u015fitdil\u0259r v\u0259 qeyri-qanuni qazanclar\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259hdudla\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bils\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259, AB \u00fczvl\u00fcy\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn var g\u00fccl\u0259ril\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Parlamentin AB-nin t\u0259l\u0259b etdiyi anti-korrupsiya qanununu q\u0259bul etm\u0259sind\u0259n sonra, Br\u00fcsselin d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259diyi v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti onun realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda israr etdi. Rum\u0131niyan\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qil Milli Antikorrupsiya Direktorat\u0131 (DNA) 2003-c\u00fc ild\u0259 yaran\u0131b. Ast\u0259g\u0259l ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131cdan sonra o, ke\u00e7mi\u015f Ba\u015f nazir daxil olmaqla, y\u00fcks\u0259k \u00e7inli r\u0259smil\u0259ri m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131xarma\u011fa v\u0259 h\u0259bs etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u018flind\u0259 se\u00e7ici mandat\u0131, vizyonu v\u0259 q\u0259tiyy\u0259ti olan bir lider – Estoniyan\u0131n Ba\u015f naziri Mart Laar a\u011fla g\u0259lir – s\u00fcr\u0259tli islahatlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yax\u015f\u0131 tap\u0131nt\u0131d\u0131r, ancaq bel\u0259 kalibrd\u0259 olan \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r nadir hallarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Milli liderl\u0259r korrupsiyayla m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 maraql\u0131 olmazlarsa, n\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259 bil\u0259r – Rum\u0131niya x\u00fcsusil\u0259 bu m\u0259nada ibr\u0259tamiz n\u00fcmun\u0259dir. Bu, vaxt t\u0259l\u0259b edir, ancaq bu \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 korrupsiya t\u0259dric\u0259n n\u0259zar\u0259t alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n AB tanr\u0131lar\u0131n d\u0259yirmanlar\u0131 kimidir, o, yava\u015f-yava\u015f \u00fcy\u00fcd\u0259 bil\u0259r, ancaq o h\u0259min d\u0259yirmanlar kimi qat-qat yax\u015f\u0131 \u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fcr. M\u015eA \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259ki f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti onun demokratiyaya v\u0259 korrupsiyan\u0131n azald\u0131mas\u0131na nec\u0259 t\u00f6hf\u0259 verdiyini g\u00f6st\u0259rir. O, m\u0259rh\u0259m\u0259tsizc\u0259, t\u0259dric\u0259n v\u0259 \u0259zmkarcas\u0131na i\u015fl\u0259yir. O, \u0259l \u00e7\u0259kmir. Onun h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259k qaydas\u0131 etibarl\u0131d\u0131r: o, \u00fczvl\u00fcy\u0259 namiz\u0259d kimi q\u0259bul olunmu\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin n\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 ehtiyac duyduqlar\u0131n\u0131 yerb\u0259yer etm\u0259kd\u0259 h\u0259dsiz s\u0259ri\u015ft\u0259lidir. AB demokratiyan\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda tarixi unikal ma\u015f\u0131n oldu\u011funu isbat edib.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n M\u0259qs\u0259dy\u00f6nl\u00fc yard\u0131m
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu diskusiyadan \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lan q\u0259na\u0259tl\u0259r a\u00e7\u0131q-ayd\u0131nd\u0131r. AB-y\u0259 daxil olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r art\u0131q t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlikd\u0259dirl\u0259r v\u0259 qurumdan kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r yard\u0131m al\u0131rlar. B\u0259zil\u0259rinin m\u0259xsusi yard\u0131ma ehtiyac\u0131 var, ancaq onlar n\u00f6vb\u0259ti Q\u0259rb yard\u0131m\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259sas h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259r olmamal\u0131d\u0131rlar.\n<\/p>\n

\n Geri qalan 7 avtoritar post-Sovet \u00f6lk\u0259sin\u0259 g\u0259ldikd\u0259 is\u0259, onlar yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 s\u0259rv\u0259t toplama\u011fa k\u00f6kl\u0259nmi\u015f avtoritarlar\u0131n d\u0259mir barmaqlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda nisgil \u00e7\u0259km\u0259kd\u0259dirl\u0259r. Bu rejiml\u0259r islahat ke\u00e7irm\u0259kd\u0259ns\u0259, \u00e7ox g\u00fcman daxild\u0259n partlay\u0131\u015fa m\u0259ruz qalacaqlar. Dig\u0259rl\u0259rinin bu rejiml\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6m\u0259k, xaricd\u0259 alternativ elitaya t\u0259hsil verm\u0259k ola bil\u0259r ki, korrupsiyala\u015fm\u0131\u015f rejiml\u0259r sars\u0131landa onlar geri qay\u0131ts\u0131nlar. Q\u0259rb t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 t\u0259qa\u00fcdl\u0259rind\u0259 s\u0259xav\u0259tli olmal\u0131d\u0131r, amma o, \u00e7ox \u015fey d\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u0130ndi d\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259k post-Sovetin iki d\u00fcnyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda qalan Erm\u0259nistan, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan, Moldova v\u0259 Ukrayna kimi 5 qeyri-sabit \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259. Bunlar Q\u0259rb yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u0259nm\u0259li oldu\u011fu qrupa daxil olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rdir. Yax\u0131ndan baxanda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ki, Erm\u0259nistan v\u0259 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan zaman m\u0259nas\u0131nda ikinci plana ke\u00e7ibl\u0259r. Moskva onlar\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn proteksionist Avrasiya \u0130qtisadi \u0130ttifaq\u0131na d\u00fcrt\u00fcb v\u0259 o q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259zyiq g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, onlar\u0131n islahatlar\u0131 \u00e7ox s\u00f6n\u00fck g\u00f6rs\u0259nir. Birinci c\u0259dv\u0259ld\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131stan v\u0259 Erm\u0259nistan d\u0259h\u015f\u0259tli korrupsiyaya v\u0259 avtoritarizm\u0259 d\u00fc\u00e7ar olmu\u015f dig\u0259r post-Sovet \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri qrupuna yuvarlanma\u011fa yax\u0131nd\u0131rlar.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu m\u0259nada G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, Moldova v\u0259 Ukrayna Q\u0259rbin k\u00f6m\u0259kliyinin k\u00f6kl\u0259n\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rdirl\u0259r. \u00dcmumilikd\u0259 t\u0259xmin\u0259n 50 milyon \u0259haliyl\u0259 bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r 2009-cu ild\u0259 Pol\u015fa v\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7in t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fc olan AB \u015e\u0259rq T\u0259r\u0259fda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 layih\u0259sinin a\u00e7ar \u00fczvl\u0259ridirl\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n AB bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin h\u0259r birin\u0259 assosiasiya sazi\u015fi t\u0259klif etm\u0259kl\u0259 do\u011fru i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcb (Erm\u0259nistan Rusiyan\u0131n t\u0259zyiqil\u0259 A\u0130\u0130-y\u0259 qo\u015fmazdan \u0259vv\u0259l bu sazi\u015fi imzalam\u0131\u015fd\u0131). “Acquis communautaire”-nin bir \u00e7ox c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259rini \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n islahat proqram\u0131 daxil olmaqla bu sazi\u015fl\u0259r \u00e7ox vacibdirl\u0259r. AB-nin s\u0259hvi qo\u015fulma prosesin\u0259 Rusiyan\u0131n h\u0259rbi c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n m\u00fcdaxil\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu hesablamamaqda idi. Rusiyan\u0131n 2008-ci ilin avqustunda G\u00fcrc\u00fcstana qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcharib\u0259si bunun \u0259lam\u0259ti kimi bir s\u00fcbut idi. 2013-c\u00fc ilin avqustundan ba\u015flayaraq \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259rin say\u0131 daha da artd\u0131, Moskva Ukraynaya qar\u015f\u0131 s\u0259rt dill\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131, ard\u0131nca da Vladimir Putin sentyabr\u0131n 23-d\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik siyas\u0259ti h\u0259d\u0259l\u0259riyl\u0259 Erm\u0259nistan A\u0130\u0130-y\u0259 qo\u015fulma\u011fa m\u0259cbur etdi. AB-nin koordin\u0259 edilmi\u015f xarici v\u0259 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 siyas\u0259tin\u0259 h\u0259dsiz ehtiyac\u0131 var, amma bu, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6hb\u0259tin m\u00f6vzusudur.\n<\/p>\n

\n Ukrayna, Moldova v\u0259 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan assosiasiya sazi\u015fl\u0259rini ratifikasiya etm\u0259kl\u0259 AB-y\u0259 \u00fczvl\u00fck yolunda art\u0131q ilk vacib add\u0131m\u0131 at\u0131blar. Ancaq bu sazi\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 \u0259l g\u0259zdirilm\u0259si lab\u00fcd olan ticar\u0259t \u0259sasnam\u0259l\u0259ri daxildir, bel\u0259 ki, onlar Moldova v\u0259 Ukrayna ixracat\u0131na h\u0259dsiz s\u0259rt kvotalar t\u0259tbiq edir (\u0259sas\u0259n k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259r\u00fcffat\u0131 m\u0259hsullar\u0131na) v\u0259 bu, \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin AB bazar\u0131na q\u0259tiyy\u0259tl\u0259 istiqam\u0259tl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 mane olur. AB \u00f6z bazar\u0131n\u0131 bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 daha \u00e7ox a\u00e7mal\u0131d\u0131r ki, onlar\u0131n anti-korrupsiya islahatlar\u0131nda daha t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcskar olmalar\u0131na r\u0259vac versin. \u015e\u0259rq T\u0259r\u0259fda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rini maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si d\u0259 m\u0259hdud olaraq qal\u0131r. Sovet f\u0259hl\u0259l\u0259ri aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u0259\u015fhur deyim vard\u0131: “Biz \u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc el\u0259 apar\u0131r\u0131q ki, guya i\u015fl\u0259yirik, onlar da \u00f6zl\u0259rini el\u0259 apar\u0131rlar, guya \u0259m\u0259khaqq\u0131 verirl\u0259r”. \u0130ndi Ukraynal\u0131lar bunu bel\u0259 deyirl\u0259r: “Biz \u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc el\u0259 apar\u0131r\u0131q ki, guya islahatlar apar\u0131r\u0131q, AB d\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc el\u0259 apar\u0131r, guya bizi d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259yir”. M\u00fckafat kimi g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n AB-y\u0259 \u00fczvl\u00fcy\u00fcn yoxlu\u011fu \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259, AB-nin bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ki m\u00fcxt\u0259lif maraq qruplar\u0131na t\u0259klif etdiyi stimullar\u0131n korrupsiyayla m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 kifay\u0259t edib-etm\u0259diyi h\u0259l\u0259 qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259ndir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Ukraynan\u0131n \u0259razisi v\u0259 AB-nin d\u00f6rd \u00f6lk\u0259sil\u0259 s\u0259rh\u0259dd\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si onu h\u0259dsiz \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli edir. \u018fg\u0259r o, u\u011fur qazansa, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259 Moldovan\u0131n da yolu a\u00e7\u0131lacaq. Ukraynada d\u00f6vl\u0259t islahat\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fl\u0259k etm\u0259k AB-nin \u0259sas h\u0259d\u0259fi olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Vizas\u0131z azad s\u0259yah\u0259t AB-nin bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 ver\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi \u0259n vacib q\u0259rar olar. Moldova art\u0131q bunu \u0259ld\u0259 edib, Ukrayna is\u0259 tezlikl\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259yin\u0259 \u00fcmid ba\u011flay\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bu hiss\u0259sind\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda v\u0259 korrupsiyaya n\u0259zar\u0259td\u0259 s\u0131naqdan \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015f yegan\u0259 yol AB-y\u0259 daxil olmaq yoludur. Lissabon M\u00fcqavil\u0259sinin 49-cu b\u0259ndin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, AB d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rin\u0259 “h\u00f6rm\u0259t ed\u0259n” onu “t\u0259\u015fviq etm\u0259kd\u0259 q\u0259rarl\u0131 olan” ist\u0259nil\u0259n Avropa \u00f6lk\u0259si “Birliy\u0259 daxil olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259 bil\u0259r”. AB \u00f6lk\u0259nin \u00fczvl\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259sind\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l bir \u00e7ox \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259r ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcr, real olaraq bu, 2020-ci ild\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyil. Proses bir qayda olaraq \u0259n az\u0131ndan 10 il davam edir, o, Kopenhagen kriteriyalar\u0131n\u0131 bol-bol yem\u0259li v\u0259 “acquis communautaire”nin n\u0259h\u0259ng tap\u015f\u0131r\u0131q\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yerin\u0259 yetirm\u0259lidir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Q\u0259bul edilm\u0259 d\u00f6vr\u00fc vacib institutsional islahatlar v\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fma prosesini \u0259hat\u0259 edir. \u018fg\u0259r AB demokratiyan\u0131n m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259t qazanmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 onun \u015e\u0259rq qon\u015fulu\u011funda k\u00f6k atmas\u0131n\u0131 ist\u0259yirs\u0259, o, Ukraynaya v\u0259 haz\u0131rda avtoritarizml\u0259 demokratiya aras\u0131nda var-g\u0259l ed\u0259n orta \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 \u00fcvl\u00fck t\u0259klif etm\u0259kl\u0259 pozitiv add\u0131mlar atmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun 2030-cu ild\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l ba\u015f tutmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alsaq, AB-nin cari probleml\u0259ri az \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. Avropa Komissiyas\u0131 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259kd\u0259 davam edir v\u0259 o, yax\u015f\u0131 idar\u0259\u00e7ilik \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn institutla\u015fman\u0131n nec\u0259 vacib oldu\u011funu yax\u015f\u0131 bilir.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n Demokratiya Jurnal\u0131 28:1 (2017), 89-101. \u00a9 M\u0259qal\u0259 Johns Hopkins University Press-in icaz\u0259si il\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan dilin\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 edil\u0259r\u0259k Meydan.TV sayt\u0131nda yay\u0131mlan\u0131r.
\n <\/b>
\n <\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Korrupsiyayla siyasi idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin formas\u0131 bir-biril\u0259 yax\u0131ndan \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":84939,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-184406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analitika","infinite-scroll-item","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33","no-featured-image-padding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131? - MEYDAN.TV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"az_AZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131? - MEYDAN.TV\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Korrupsiyayla siyasi idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin formas\u0131 bir-biril\u0259 yax\u0131ndan \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MEYDAN.TV\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-05-18T20:05:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/33390.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"665\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"user-manager\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"user-manager\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/10d11eccf6da3662cf5fdab9806ea91a\"},\"headline\":\"Nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131?\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-05-18T20:05:02+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":7525,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/33390.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Analitika\"],\"inLanguage\":\"az\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/\",\"name\":\"Nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131? - MEYDAN.TV\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/33390.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-05-18T20:05:02+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"az\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"az\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/33390.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/33390.jpg\",\"width\":1000,\"height\":665,\"caption\":\"Source:\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Ana s\u0259hif\u0259\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Analitika\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/section\\\/analitika\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/\",\"name\":\"MEYDAN.TV\",\"description\":\"Meydan TV Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n media m\u0259kan\u0131ndak\u0131 alternativ s\u0259sidir\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"az\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Meydan TV\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"az\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/meydan-logo.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/meydan-logo.svg\",\"width\":195,\"height\":46,\"caption\":\"Meydan TV\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/10d11eccf6da3662cf5fdab9806ea91a\",\"name\":\"user-manager\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131? - MEYDAN.TV","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/","og_locale":"az_AZ","og_type":"article","og_title":"Nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131? - MEYDAN.TV","og_description":"Korrupsiyayla siyasi idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin formas\u0131 bir-biril\u0259 yax\u0131ndan \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/","og_site_name":"MEYDAN.TV","article_published_time":"2017-05-18T20:05:02+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1000,"height":665,"url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/33390.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"user-manager","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/"},"author":{"name":"user-manager","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#\/schema\/person\/10d11eccf6da3662cf5fdab9806ea91a"},"headline":"Nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131?","datePublished":"2017-05-18T20:05:02+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/"},"wordCount":7525,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/33390.jpg","articleSection":["Analitika"],"inLanguage":"az"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/","url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/","name":"Nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131? - MEYDAN.TV","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/33390.jpg","datePublished":"2017-05-18T20:05:02+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"az","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"az","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/33390.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/33390.jpg","width":1000,"height":665,"caption":"Source:"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/nece-demokratiklesmeli-ve-korrupsiyadan-xilas-olmali\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Ana s\u0259hif\u0259","item":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Analitika","item":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/section\/analitika\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Nec\u0259 demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259li v\u0259 korrupsiyadan xilas olmal\u0131?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/","name":"MEYDAN.TV","description":"Meydan TV Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n media m\u0259kan\u0131ndak\u0131 alternativ s\u0259sidir","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"az"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#organization","name":"Meydan TV","url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"az","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/meydan-logo.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/meydan-logo.svg","width":195,"height":46,"caption":"Meydan TV"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#\/schema\/person\/10d11eccf6da3662cf5fdab9806ea91a","name":"user-manager"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184406","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=184406"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184406\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/84939"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=184406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=184406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=184406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}