{"id":179640,"date":"2016-10-15T22:05:49","date_gmt":"2016-10-15T22:05:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/"},"modified":"2016-10-15T22:05:49","modified_gmt":"2016-10-15T22:05:49","slug":"post-kommunizmin-20-ili","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/","title":{"rendered":"Post-kommunizmin 20 ili"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n \"\"
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n Populizm, pl\u00fcralizm v\u0259 liberal demokratiya\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Mark. F. Platner
\n <\/i>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n Mark Platner \u201c
\n <\/i>
\n <\/b>
\n Demokratiya\u201d Jurnal\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259sis\u00e7isi v\u0259 redaktoru, NED n\u0259zdind\u0259ki Demokratiyan\u0131n T\u0259drisi Beyn\u0259lxalq Formunun r\u0259hb\u0259ridir. O, h\u0259m\u00e7inin, \u201cS\u0259rh\u0259dsiz Demokratiya; Liberal Demokratiyan\u0131n Qlobal \u00c7\u0259tinlikl\u0259ri\u201d (2008) kitab\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259llifidir.\n<\/p>\n

\n 21-ci \u0259srin ilk 10 illiyi demokratiya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn el\u0259 d\u0259 xo\u015f ke\u00e7m\u0259di. 20-ci \u0259srin f\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 ir\u0259lil\u0259yi\u015fl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunan\u00a0 son r\u00fcb\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra demokratiyan\u0131n yay\u0131lma sur\u0259ti z\u0259ifl\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k dayanma n\u00f6qt\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131, h\u0259tta art\u0131q demokratiyan\u0131n g\u00f6zl\u0259nil\u0259n a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n izl\u0259rind\u0259n d\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u201cFreedom House\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6vri olaraq yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesabat\u0131na \u0259sas\u0259n ard\u0131c\u0131l 3 ildir ki, d\u00fcnyada azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n indeksind\u0259 t\u0259drici z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur. Onilliyin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 Serbiya, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, Ukrayna v\u0259 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z\u0131standa m\u0259xm\u0259ri inqilablar\u0131n u\u011furlar\u0131 demokratiyaya olan \u00fcmidl\u0259ri art\u0131rsa da, bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ki sonrak\u0131 gedi\u015fat tamamil\u0259 m\u0259yusedici idi. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, r\u0259ngli inqliablar\u0131n t\u0259hdidind\u0259n t\u0259dirgin olan b\u00fct\u00fcn qeyri-demokratik rejiml\u0259r u\u011fursuzlu\u011fa d\u00fc\u00e7ar olmu\u015f avtokrat h\u0259mkarlar\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n d\u0259rs g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259r\u0259k, \u00f6z \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fcxalif\u0259tin v\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti qruplar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t areal\u0131n\u0131 daraltmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259m\u0259k s\u0259rf el\u0259dil\u0259r. Bu fenomen demokratiyaya qar\u015f\u0131 \u201ct\u0259rs reaksiya\u201d v\u0259 ya \u201cgeri t\u0259pm\u0259\u201d kimi xarakteriz\u0259 edilir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Avtokratik rejiml\u0259r, siyasi \u015f\u0259rh\u00e7il\u0259r \u201cavtoritar kapitalizm\u201d-in demokratiyaya alternativ kimi meydana g\u0259lm\u0259si bar\u0259d\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fma\u011fa vadar edir ki, \u00a0Larri Daymond bunu \u201cdemokratik b\u00f6hran\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131r. 1990-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 politoloqlar avtoritar rejiml\u0259ri \u0259sas\u0259n demokratik y\u00f6nd\u0259 inki\u015faf etm\u0259 potensiallar\u0131 n\u00f6qteyi-n\u0259z\u0259rind\u0259n t\u0259dqiq ed\u0259r\u0259k, onlara ke\u00e7id formalar\u0131 kimi yana\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar. Sonralarsa bu rejiml\u0259rin g\u00fcc\u00fc \u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 saxlamas\u0131ndan t\u0259sirl\u0259n\u0259n aliml\u0259r onlara bu q\u0259d\u0259r dir\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 stabil qalma\u011fa imkan ver\u0259n amill\u0259r\u0259 fokuslanma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00c7ini \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259n Andryu J.Natan bu fenomeni \u201cavtoritar m\u00f6hk\u0259mlik\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131r. S\u00f6zs\u00fcz ki, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259 Orta Asiya v\u0259 post-sovet m\u0259kan\u0131n\u0131n xeyli sayda qeyri-demokratik rejiml\u0259rinin g\u00fcc\u00fc \u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7ox ciddi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 saxlam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131, bu dir\u0259ni\u015fin s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rini \u00f6yr\u0259nm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yax\u015f\u0131 \u0259sasd\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Eyni zamanda, \u201cavroritarizmin m\u00f6hk\u0259mliyi\u201d-n\u0259 k\u00f6kl\u0259nm\u0259, z\u0259nnimc\u0259, daha \u00e7ox diqq\u0259t\u0259layiq olan \u201cdemokratiyan\u0131n m\u00f6hk\u0259mliyi\u201d m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sinin k\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259 qalmas\u0131na g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xara bil\u0259r. Ke\u00e7mi\u015f ill\u0259rd\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015fdiyi mane\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 baxmayaraq, demokratiya faktiki olaraq h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259\u00e7arpacaq d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u0259 ir\u0259lil\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 davam edir. Birincisi, dig\u0259r d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq, \u00a0\u00a01974-c\u00fc ild\u0259n start g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259n demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259nin \u201c3-c\u00fc dal\u011fas\u0131\u201d h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 demokratik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fayan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin yeni yaranan demokratiyalar\u0131 sayca \u00fcst\u0259l\u0259diyi \u201ct\u0259rs dal\u011fa\u201d-ya yol a\u00e7may\u0131b. Baxmayaraq ki, Larri Daymondun da vur\u011fulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimi, son ill\u0259rd\u0259 demokratik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 ya geril\u0259m\u0259 hallar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131 art\u0131b, ancaq buna tab g\u0259tir\u0259n demokratik rejiml\u0259r d\u0259 az deyil.\n<\/p>\n

\n F\u0259rqli prizmadan baxd\u0131qda g\u00f6rm\u0259k olur ki, b\u00fcn\u00f6vr\u0259si yax\u015f\u0131 qoyulmu\u015f v\u0259 oturu\u015fmu\u015f demokratiyalardan he\u00e7 biri m\u0259\u011flub olmay\u0131b. X\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259, adamba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k \u00dcDM g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259rin\u0259 nail olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 birc\u0259 d\u0259n\u0259 d\u0259 olsun demokratik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u0259 rast g\u0259linm\u0259yib.\n<\/p>\n

\n Dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n, bu g\u00fcn demokratik rejiml\u0259r yaln\u0131z \u00f6z v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 geni\u015f miqyasda d\u00fcnya \u00fczr\u0259 qazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f legitimliyin dad\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131rlar. Bir yandan regional v\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n demokratiyaya arxa \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131 say\u0259sind\u0259 qeyri-demokratik rejiml\u0259r d\u0259 demokratik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0259qlid etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, dig\u0259r yandan da k\u00fctl\u0259vi r\u0259y sor\u011fular\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn regionlar\u0131nda demokratiyaya veril\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259yi \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Amartya Senin d\u0259 qeyd etdiyi kimi,\n<\/p>\n

\n \u0130st\u0259nil\u0259n \u0259srd\u0259 v\u0259 ya sosial m\u00fchitd\u0259 komp\u00fcterin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c parametrl\u0259rin\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259r \u00fcmumi qaydalar \u2013 b\u00f6y\u00fck inanclar olur. Onlar tamamil\u0259 \u00a0inkar olunana q\u0259d\u0259r do\u011fru hesab olunurlar. Haz\u0131rda, baxmayaraq ki, demokratiya n\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya miqyas\u0131nda t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259d\u0259n ke\u00e7irilib, n\u0259 d\u0259 tamamil\u0259 q\u0259bul edilib, \u00fcmumd\u00fcnya ab-havas\u0131nda demokratik idar\u0259etm\u0259 \u0259n do\u011fru yol hesab olunur\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n Demokratiyan\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259k legitimlik statusunu, m\u00f6vcud \u00a0demokratik \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 qeyri-demokratik h\u0259r\u0259kat v\u0259 rejiml\u0259r\u0259 olan d\u0259st\u0259yin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sezm\u0259k olur.\n<\/p>\n

\n 20-ci \u0259srd\u0259 intellektuallar v\u0259 akademikl\u0259r ba\u015fda olmaqla, Q\u0259rb ictimai r\u0259yind\u0259 n\u0259inki Marksizm\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 Stalinin Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131na, Maonun \u00c7inin\u0259, Kastronun Kubas\u0131na v\u0259 Sandinistas\u0131n Nikaraquas\u0131na \u00f6n\u0259mli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 d\u0259st\u0259k var idi. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc demokratik d\u00fcnyadasa Rusiya, \u00c7in v\u0259 \u0130ran kimi rejiml\u0259r\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q-a\u015fkar arxa \u00e7\u0131x\u0131lmas\u0131na nadir hallarda rast g\u0259linir. T\u0259bii ki, Q\u0259rbin v\u0259 Birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f \u015etatlar\u0131n bu rejiml\u0259r\u0259 olan m\u00fcnasib\u0259tin\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259nqidi yana\u015fmalar var, ancaq, bu, h\u0259l\u0259 h\u0259min rejiml\u0259rin ideologiyalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259si m\u0259nas\u0131na g\u0259lmir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Baxmayaraq ki, oturu\u015fmu\u015f demokratiyalarda geni\u015f \u0259hali qruplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda anti-demokratik alternativl\u0259r\u0259, dem\u0259k olar ki,\u00a0 a\u015fkar simpatiya yoxdur, ancaq onlar\u0131n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259ki siyasi v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259n raz\u0131l\u0131qlar\u0131 haqda m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 f\u0259rqlidir.\u00a0 D\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck n\u00f6qteyi-n\u0259z\u0259rind\u0259n bax\u0131ld\u0131qda, inki\u015faf etmi\u015f demokratiyalar k\u0259nardan u\u011furlu idar\u0259etm\u0259nin m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcns\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259, \u00f6lk\u0259daxilind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck siyasi naraz\u0131l\u0131qlar m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur. Bu, \u0259sas\u0259n qanunverici hakimiyy\u0259td\u0259ki se\u00e7ilmi\u015f n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 nifr\u0259t, tez-tez t\u0259krarlanan\u00a0 korrupsiya skandallar\u0131 v\u0259 siyasi insitutlara inams\u0131zl\u0131qlarla ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcst\u0259lik, siyasi anlamda – \u0259n az\u0131ndan AB\u015e-da \u2013 art\u0131q h\u0259r k\u0259s, g\u00fccl\u0259n\u0259n partizanl\u0131q tendensiyas\u0131, siyasi diskursun kobudla\u015fmas\u0131, probleml\u0259ri yoluna qoyma\u011f\u0131n \u00a0m\u00fcmk\u00fcns\u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fc v\u0259 geni\u015f v\u00fcs\u0259t alm\u0131\u015f m\u0259d\u0259ni t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl haqda x\u0259b\u0259rdard\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Dem\u0259k olmaz ki, bu \u015fikay\u0259tl\u0259r haqs\u0131z yer\u0259dir. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n odur ki, ink\u015faf etmi\u015f d\u00fcnyada\u00a0 demokratiya tam sa\u011flam olmasa da, a\u00e7\u0131q-a\u015fkar\u00a0 y\u0131x\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Ola bilsin ki, bu, biraz da\u00a0 \u201c\u00c7\u00f6r\u00e7il Hipotezi\u201d-in getdikc\u0259 daha \u00e7ox q\u0259bullanmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6r\u00e7ill deyirdi ki,
\n
\n
\n \u201c
\n <\/i>
\n <\/b>
\n
\n
\n Demokratiya zamanla yoxlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6vl\u0259t idar\u0259etm\u0259 formalar\u0131ndan \u0259n b\u0259rbad\u0131d\u0131r\u201d.
\n <\/i>
\n <\/b>
\n \u015e\u00fcbh\u0259siz ki, demokratiya \u00f6z cazib\u0259darl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0259m d\u0259 dig\u0259r tip rejiml\u0259rin u\u011fursuzluqlar\u0131na v\u0259 naqislikl\u0259rin\u0259 borcludur. H\u0259tta son 30 ild\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck iqtisadi ir\u0259lil\u0259yi\u015f v\u0259 h\u0259rbi g\u00fcc \u0259ld\u0259 etmi\u015f \u00c7XR (\u00c7in Xalq Republikas\u0131) n\u00fcmun\u0259si bel\u0259, inki\u015faf etmi\u015f demokratik \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 inand\u0131ra bilmir ki, onlar t\u0259kpartiyal\u0131 rejimin potensial m\u0259nf\u0259\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n faydalanmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 qurban versinl\u0259r. D\u00fcnyada miqrasiya ax\u0131nlar\u0131 da, a\u015fkar \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259 az azad olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n daha azad olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 do\u011frudur.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Liberal Demokratiyan\u0131n ikili t\u0259bi\u0259ti
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n Maraql\u0131s\u0131 budur ki, oturu\u015fmu\u015f demokratik rejiml\u0259r v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n keyfiyy\u0259t v\u0259 icraatla ba\u011fl\u0131 naraz\u0131l\u0131qlar\u0131na baxmayaraq qeyri-adi d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259m qala bilibl\u0259r. Bu m\u0259qamda, m\u0259n, demokratiyan\u0131n d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc izah etm\u0259y\u0259 yard\u0131m\u00e7\u0131 olacaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn a\u011flabatan yana\u015fmalardan birini se\u00e7ir\u0259m. Ancaq bundan \u0259vv\u0259l m\u0259nim modern demokratiyan\u0131n t\u0259bi\u0259tini nec\u0259 qavrad\u0131\u011f\u0131m haqda bir ne\u00e7\u0259 k\u0259lm\u0259:\n<\/p>\n

\n Demokratiya uzun v\u0259 dola\u015f\u0131q tarix\u0259 malik bir anlay\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan onu \u015f\u0259rh el\u0259m\u0259k el\u0259 d\u0259 asan deyil. Bir t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n d\u0259 demokratiya g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczd\u0259 kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00fcbahis\u0259li konsepsiyad\u0131r. H\u0259rfi m\u0259nada demokratiya -antik yunan etimologiyas\u0131na \u00a0\u0259sas\u0259n- xalq\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc v\u0259 ya idar\u0259etm\u0259si dem\u0259kdir. M\u00fcasir terminologiyada is\u0259 demokratiya ad\u0259t\u0259n \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti azad v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli se\u00e7kil\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259si kimi ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancaq art\u0131q bu g\u00fcn tamamil\u0259 q\u0259bul olunur ki, \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti prinsipi demokratiyan\u0131 tam anlam\u0131 il\u0259 ifad\u0259 ed\u0259 bilmir. Lez\u00e7ek Kolakovski 1990-cu ild\u0259 \u201cDemokratiya\u201d jurnal\u0131n\u0131n ilk burax\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da qeyd edirdi:\n<\/p>\n

\n \u00c7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti prinsipi demokratiyan\u0131 anlamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yet\u0259rli deyil. Biz,\u00a0 teokratik \u0130ran v\u0259 nasis Almaniyas\u0131 kimi \u00e7oxlu\u011fun d\u0259st\u0259yind\u0259n faydalanan tiraniyalar da g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f\u00fck.Biz 51 faizlik \u00e7oxlu\u011fun yerd\u0259 qalanlar\u0131 c\u0259za almadan q\u0259tl ed\u0259 bildiyi rejimi demokratik adland\u0131ra bilm\u0259rik\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n Liberal demokratiya \u00f6z\u00fc-\u00f6z\u00fc il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 oldu\u011fundan \u201csad\u0259c\u0259 daha art\u0131q demokratiya\u201d demokratiyan\u0131n probleml\u0259rinin h\u0259ll yolu deyil.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu g\u00fcn demokratik adland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z rejim t\u0259kc\u0259 \u00e7oxlu\u011fun deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 f\u0259rdl\u0259rin haqlar\u0131n\u0131 qorumal\u0131, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n azadl\u0131qlar\u0131na\u00a0 qarantiya verm\u0259lidir. Ad\u0259t\u0259n bu qarantiyalar yaz\u0131l\u0131 halda konstitusiyada qeyd olunmu\u015f, h\u00f6kum\u0259tin s\u0259lahiyy\u0259ti is\u0259 limitli v\u0259 h\u00fcququn aliliyi il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc demokratiya tez-tez konstitusional v\u0259 ya liberal demokratiya adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Liberal Demokratiyada f\u0259rdin haqlar\u0131 v\u0259 \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti kompontetl\u0259ri aras\u0131ndak\u0131 qar\u0131\u015f\u0131q \u0259laq\u0259 var. Onlar n\u0259inki n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259d\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 praktikada bir-birl\u0259rind\u0259n ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halda ola bilirl\u0259r v\u0259 olublar da. Modern d\u00f6vrd\u0259n \u00f6nc\u0259ki \u015f\u0259h\u0259r demokratik d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri (f\u0259rdi haqlar\u0131n qorunmas\u0131 bax\u0131m\u0131ndan) liberal deyildil\u0259r v\u0259 he\u00e7 olma\u011fa da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131rd\u0131lar. Avropan\u0131n b\u0259zi konstitusiyal\u0131 monarxiyalar\u0131 is\u0259, h\u0259tta, demokratik olmasalar da, nisb\u0259t\u0259n liberal idil\u0259r. Britaniya idar\u0259\u00e7iliyind\u0259ki Honq Konq koloniyas\u0131nda, baxmayaraq ki rezidentl\u0259r idar\u0259etm\u0259 prosesind\u0259 \u00e7ox a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 i\u015ftirak edirdil\u0259r, idar\u0259etm\u0259 h\u0259dsiz liberal formada idi. Bununla bel\u0259, bu g\u00fcn f\u0259rdl\u0259rin h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 il\u0259 \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti dem\u0259k olar, h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 tandem t\u0259\u015fkil edirl\u0259r. \u201cFreedom House\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259r il a\u00e7\u0131qlanan sor\u011fusunun n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259l\u00fcst\u00fc n\u0259z\u0259r yetir\u0259nd\u0259 d\u0259, g\u00f6rm\u0259k olur ki, m\u00fct\u0259madi olaraq azad v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli se\u00e7kil\u0259r ke\u00e7ir\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r f\u0259rdl\u0259rin haqlar\u0131n\u0131 qoruma\u011fa meyilli olurlar (v\u0259 t\u0259rsin\u0259).\n<\/p>\n

\n Bel\u0259likl\u0259, biz bu g\u00fcn demokratiya haqda dan\u0131\u015fanda sad\u0259c\u0259 \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259tind\u0259n \u00e7ox, konsitusional v\u0259 ya liberal demokratiya haqda dan\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131q. O zaman bel\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r ki, modern demokratiya bir n\u00f6v hibrid rejim olub, anti-majoritar m\u00fcdd\u0259alar\u0131 olan \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259tini ifad\u0259 edir v\u0259 bu m\u0259nada ikili t\u0259bi\u0259t\u0259 malikdir. Bir yandan, o, n\u0259tic\u0259 etibaril\u0259 xalq\u0131n irad\u0259sini t\u0259min ed\u0259n yollar axtar\u0131r, dig\u0259r yandansa, f\u0259rdl\u0259rin v\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n haqlar\u0131n\u0131 poza bilm\u0259sin dey\u0259 g\u00fcnd\u0259n-g\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259tini m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r. Ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, o, rahatl\u0131qla maksimalla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131la bil\u0259c\u0259k bir h\u0259d\u0259f\u0259 yox, iki f\u0259rqli v\u0259 b\u0259z\u0259n d\u0259 bir-birin\u0259 r\u0259qib olan h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259r\u0259 k\u00f6kl\u0259nir. Liberal demokratiyan\u0131n bu ikili t\u0259bi\u0259ti s\u0259b\u0259bil\u0259 d\u0259 \u201csad\u0259c\u0259 daha art\u0131q demokratiya\u201d demokratiyan\u0131n probleml\u0259rinin h\u0259ll yolu deyil.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u201cFederalist Ka\u011f\u0131zlar\u201d-dan da g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, bu, daxil\u0259n g\u0259rgin t\u0259bi\u0259t, modern demokratiyan\u0131n t\u0259m\u0259li at\u0131lan andan m\u0259lum idi. Bu ka\u011f\u0131zlarda respublika\u00e7\u0131 v\u0259 ya populyar h\u00f6kum\u0259t \u201cg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc birba\u015fa v\u0259 ya bilavasit\u0259 xalq\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259sind\u0259n alan h\u00f6kum\u0259t\u201d kimi ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr (s\u0259h.241). Eyni zamanda hakimiyy\u0259tin, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n maraqlar\u0131 olan zorba \u00e7oxlu\u011fun \u0259zici g\u00fcc\u00fcnd\u0259n qorunmas\u0131 da \u0259sas qay\u011f\u0131lardand\u0131r (s\u0259h.77). M\u00fct\u0259\u015f\u0259kkil d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259rin pis niyy\u0259tini n\u0259zar\u0259td\u0259 saxlamaq bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259\u015fhur m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 Ceyms Madison bildirir ki, \u00e7oxluq – \u201crespublika prinsipi\u201d \u0259sas\u0131nda – azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0259msil ed\u0259n m\u00fct\u0259\u015f\u0259kkil d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259rin b\u0259dxah \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259rin\u0259 qanuni se\u00e7kil\u0259rl\u0259 mane ola bil\u0259rl\u0259r (s\u0259h.80). Bundan daha \u00e7\u0259tin v\u0259zif\u0259 is\u0259 ictimai \u0259mlak v\u0259 f\u0259rdi h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 \u00e7oxlu\u011fun formala\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fct\u0259\u015f\u0259kkil d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n, \u201c\u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti\u201d prinsipini z\u0259d\u0259l\u0259m\u0259d\u0259n, qoruya bilm\u0259kdir. (s\u0259h.80)\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259, h\u0259min d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259rin t\u0259sirini t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 k\u00f6kl\u0259nm\u0259d\u0259n \u00f6nc\u0259, Madison onun s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rini aradan qald\u0131rma\u011fa hesablanm\u0131\u015f iki strategiyan\u0131 yoxlayaraq g\u00f6zd\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 idi. Amma bu, a\u00e7\u0131q-a\u015fkar arzuolunmazd\u0131r v\u0259 el\u0259 sonda h\u0259min d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259rin formala\u015fmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur. Praktikas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcns\u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fc iddas\u0131 il\u0259 imtina olunan ikinci m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 is\u0259 h\u0259r v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fa eyni q\u0259d\u0259r se\u00e7im imkan\u0131 verm\u0259yi, onlar\u0131 eyni q\u0259d\u0259r ist\u0259k v\u0259 maraqla t\u0259min etm\u0259yi n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tuturdu. A\u011flas\u0131\u011fmaz s\u0259sl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq, ikinci m\u00fcdd\u0259a sonralar n\u0259inki klassik siyasi filosoflar, h\u0259m d\u0259 18-ci \u0259srin Montesky\u00f6 v\u0259 Russo kimi \u00f6nd\u0259ged\u0259n fikir xadiml\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n m\u0259nims\u0259nil\u0259r\u0259k respublikalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u0259mli s\u00fctunlar\u0131ndan biri hal\u0131na g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu yana\u015fmaya \u0259sas\u0259n, \u0259g\u0259r insanlar \u00f6zl\u0259rini idar\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259r v\u0259 ictimai nem\u0259tl\u0259r \u0259traf\u0131nda birl\u0259\u015f\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259rs\u0259, o zaman onlar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 fikir v\u0259 maraq ayr\u0131l\u0131qlar\u0131 minimum h\u0259dd\u0259 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Dem\u0259li, onlar ki\u00e7ik siyasi birlik i\u00e7ind\u0259 ya\u015famal\u0131 v\u0259 \u015f\u0259xsi maraqlar\u0131ndan ictimai maraqlar namin\u0259 imtina etm\u0259yi bacaracaq \u0259hval-ruhiyy\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259rbiy\u0259 olunmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. M\u00f6nteskyo bu bar\u0259d\u0259 deyir ki, \u201cburada h\u0259r bir \u015f\u0259xs eyni \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259rd\u0259n faydalan\u0131b, eyni q\u0259d\u0259r xo\u015fb\u0259xt olmal\u0131d\u0131rsa, dem\u0259li, onlar n\u0259tic\u0259 etibaril\u0259 eyni \u015feyl\u0259rd\u0259n z\u00f6vq almal\u0131 v\u0259 eyni \u00fcmidl\u0259ri b\u0259sl\u0259m\u0259lidirl\u0259r\u201d. Bu isa \u00fcmumi q\u0259na\u0259tkarl\u0131q hal\u0131ndan ba\u015fqa formada m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyil. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 x\u0131rda, d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259rl\u0259 idar\u0259 olunan respublika t\u0259r\u0259fdarlar\u0131 \u0259sas\u0259n k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ql\u0131 c\u0259miyy\u0259ti d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259yib, ticar\u0259t\u0259 v\u0259 onun yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f \u00e7e\u015fidd\u0259 s\u0259rv\u0259t\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131blar.\n<\/p>\n

\n H\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd, \u201cFederalist Ka\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda\u201d m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259r bu yana\u015fmaya q\u0259tiyy\u0259tl\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131rlar. Onlar iddia edirdil\u0259r ki, \u201ct\u0259miz demokratiya\u201d f\u0259rdi t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik v\u0259 m\u00fclkiyy\u0259t h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n pozulmas\u0131na meyilli, daim \u00e7\u0259ki\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 dolu v\u0259 q\u0131sa\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olub. Y\u0259ni, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar aras\u0131nda eyniliyin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn q\u0259d\u0259r praktiki formas\u0131n\u0131 axtarmaq \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259, – Federalist Ka\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda – t\u0259m \u0259ksi t\u0259klif edilirdi. Onlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r ki, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcidar\u0259 formas\u0131nda v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 f\u0259rqlilikl\u0259ri he\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259d\u0259r y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131rmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr
\n
\n
\n .
\n <\/i>
\n <\/b>
\n Madison v\u0259 h\u0259mm\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259ri x\u00fcsusil\u0259 iqtisadi f\u0259qlilikl\u0259r\u0259 k\u00f6kl\u0259nir, s\u0259nayenin inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131n c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 qazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcxt\u0259liflik v\u0259 m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259bliy\u0259 diqq\u0259t \u00e7\u0259kirdil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u0130qtisadi m\u00fcxt\u0259lifliyin bir siyasi xeyri d\u0259, onun maraq qruplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7arpaz m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r yaratmas\u0131d\u0131r
\n
\n
\n .
\n <\/i>
\n <\/b>
\n Standart varl\u0131-kas\u0131b qar\u015f\u0131durmas\u0131ndan f\u0259rqli olaraq bel\u0259 formasiyada h\u0259m i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259r, h\u0259m d\u0259 sahibkarlar (v\u0259 ya h\u0259m m\u00fclk\u0259darlar, h\u0259m d\u0259 x\u0131rda fermerl\u0259r)\u00a0 ortaq maraq \u0259traf\u0131nda birl\u0259\u015fib ba\u015fqa sektorlara qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcxalif m\u00f6vqed\u0259 ola bil\u0259rl\u0259r. Eyni dinamika din\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur. \u00c7oxlu dini sektalar\u0131n m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 \u00f6z ideyalar\u0131n\u0131 yaymaq konkret sektalar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn getdikc\u0259 \u00e7\u0259tinl\u0259\u015fir v\u0259 eyni zamanda da bir ne\u00e7\u0259 iri sekta aras\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck toqqu\u015fmalar riski d\u0259 azalm\u0131\u015f olur. Bel\u0259 olan halda, ham\u0131 s\u00fclh i\u00e7ind\u0259 birg\u0259ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 axtarmaqla m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olur (s\u0259h349).\n<\/p>\n

\n \u201cFederalist Ka\u011f\u0131zlar\u201d-da ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259li respublika, hakimiyy\u0259t b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif v\u0259 m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b iqtisadiyyat ideyalar\u0131 sonralar f\u0259rdl\u0259rin v\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti prinsipi pozulmadan t\u0259min olunmas\u0131nda m\u00fcst\u0259sna rol oynad\u0131.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r h\u0259m d\u0259 m\u00fcasir demokratiyalar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n m\u0259nims\u0259nildi. Madisonun t\u0259birinc\u0259, \u201crespublika \u00fcsulu-idar\u0259ni \u0259n \u00e7ox narahat ed\u0259n probleml\u0259r\u0259 respublika\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7ar\u0259si-ni\u201d (s\u0259h.84) ehtiva ed\u0259n bu prinsipl\u0259rd\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259t v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin el\u0259 tipd\u0259 qurulmas\u0131ndan dan\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ki, h\u0259m \u00e7oxlu\u011fun t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li qrupla\u015fmalar\u0131 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, h\u0259m d\u0259 eyni zamanda geni\u015f k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259rin raz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 d\u0259st\u0259yi t\u0259min edilmi\u015f olsun.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Populizmin cazib\u0259darl\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n Bununla bel\u0259, bu b\u00f6y\u00fck nailiyy\u0259t havay\u0131 ba\u015fa g\u0259lmir. Misal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, eyni zamanda h\u0259m \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti, h\u0259m d\u0259 f\u0259rdl\u0259rin azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimi prinsipl\u0259ri qorumaqla liberal demokratiya faktiki olaraq h\u0259m \u00e7oxlu\u011fun, h\u0259m d\u0259 f\u0259rdl\u0259rin v\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n naraz\u0131\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131r. Birincil\u0259r ad\u0259t\u0259n ictimai irad\u0259nin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259sildiyi v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif iqtisadi v\u0259 dig\u0259r maraq qruplar\u0131n\u0131n siyasi prosesl\u0259ri y\u00f6nl\u0259ndir\u0259r\u0259k \u015f\u0259xsi xeyirl\u0259rin\u0259 xidm\u0259t etdirdikl\u0259ri hissin\u0259 qap\u0131l\u0131rlar. Dig\u0259r yandan da, azl\u0131qlar tez-tez bu fikr\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrl\u0259r ki, onlar h\u00f6kum\u0259td\u0259n adekvat reaksiya g\u00f6rm\u00fcrl\u0259r v\u0259 onlar\u0131n maraq v\u0259 qay\u011f\u0131lar\u0131 se\u00e7icil\u0259rin dominant \u00e7oxlu\u011fu qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6hd\u0259lik da\u015f\u0131yan siyasi liderl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilir. T\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rin t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259rinin iddia etdikl\u0259ri q\u0259d\u0259r olmasa da, h\u0259r iki d\u00fc\u015f\u0259rg\u0259nin \u015fikay\u0259tind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 haql\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259r var. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 buras\u0131ndad\u0131r ki, ist\u0259nil\u0259n halda, ist\u0259r konstitusional, ist\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259 azl\u0131qla \u00e7oxlu\u011fun \u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259 uzla\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 liberal demokratiyada, kompromisl\u0259r \u00f6zl\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259 h\u0259m azl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00e7oxlu\u011fu qeyri-m\u0259mnun ed\u0259c\u0259k balansdan yaran\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n H\u0259r\u00e7\u0259nd, hesab oluna bil\u0259r ki, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u0259nada qar\u015f\u0131 fikirl\u0259ri birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n bu balans daim t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rin naraz\u0131l\u0131qlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 h\u0259d\u0259 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r v\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 etibars\u0131z, dayan\u0131qs\u0131z olmal\u0131d\u0131r. V\u0259 \u0259slind\u0259, h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259, haz\u0131rda ist\u0259r cavan, ist\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259 k\u00f6kl\u00fc m\u00fcasir demokratiyalarda ox\u015far naraz\u0131l\u0131qlara \u00e7ox rast g\u0259linir.\n<\/p>\n

\n O zaman sual yaran\u0131r ki, b\u0259s nec\u0259 olub ki, liberal demokratiya \u0259n az\u0131ndan tarix\u0259n formala\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 bel\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fc qala bilib?\n<\/p>\n

\n M\u00fcmk\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131qlamalardan biri v\u0259 el\u0259 m\u0259nim d\u0259 dil\u0259 g\u0259tirm\u0259k ist\u0259diyim odur ki, m\u0259lum v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f naraz\u0131l\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259ri ziddiyy\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkil edirl\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n \"Populizm
\n Populizm (illustrasiya)
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n Hesab ets\u0259k ki, liberal demokratiya h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti il\u0259 f\u0259rd v\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda u\u011furlu balans\u0131 qoruyur, o zaman bu balans iki yolla pozula bil\u0259r – Populizm kimi tan\u0131nan\u00a0 demokratik h\u0259rc-m\u0259rcliy\u0259 yol a\u00e7an birinci yol balans\u0131n demokratik t\u0259r\u0259finin h\u0259dsiz \u015fi\u015fm\u0259si, y\u0259ni f\u0259rdl\u0259rin v\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n \u00f6zl\u0259rini h\u00fcquqi m\u00fcdafi\u0259 imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259si hal\u0131nda ba\u015f verir. \u00a0\u0130kinci yolsa, \u00e7oxlu\u011fun irad\u0259sinin\u00a0 v\u0259 sosial sifari\u015fin ikinci plana at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 halda, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, balans\u0131n liberal v\u0259 ya anti-majoritar t\u0259r\u0259finin a\u011f\u0131r g\u0259ldiyi zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur. N\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259d\u0259 bu f\u0259rdiyy\u0259t\u00e7iliyin g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259si kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259r, ancaq real d\u00fcnyan\u0131n siyasi s\u0259hn\u0259sind\u0259 yaln\u0131z azl\u0131qlar\u0131n c\u0259mind\u0259n formala\u015fan birlikl\u0259rin \u00e7oxlu\u011fa qar\u015f\u0131 h\u0259dsiz g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 real imkanlar\u0131 olur. M\u0259n bu ikinci liberal-demokratik qatma-qar\u0131\u015f\u0131ql\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam ifad\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259k termin bilmir\u0259m.\n<\/p>\n

\n Ancaq ola bil\u0259r, \u201cradikal pl\u00fcralizm\u201d termini beynimd\u0259kil\u0259ri \u0259hat\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yet\u0259rli olsun.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n Populizm ifad\u0259sinin m\u0259nas\u0131 haz\u0131rda sosioloqlarla tarix\u00e7il\u0259r aras\u0131nda m\u00fcbahis\u0259 m\u00f6vzusudur. Konsepsiyan\u0131n eni\u015fli-yoxu\u015flu beyn\u0259lxalq tarixi 19-cu \u0259srin sonlar\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r uzan\u0131r. Rus \u201cnarodnikl\u0259r\u201d-i v\u0259 sonradan 1896-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Uilyam Cenninqs Brayan\u0131n prezidentliy\u0259 namiz\u0259dliyini d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259mi\u015f AB\u015e-\u0131n \u201ck\u0259nd-t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131\u201d h\u0259r\u0259katlar\u0131 ilkin n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r kimi g\u00f6st\u0259rilir. 20-ci \u0259sr Lat\u0131n Amerikas\u0131ndak\u0131 bir s\u0131ra partiyalar, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259 Argentinada Xuan Peronu d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n partiya da,\u00a0 \u0259sas\u0259n populist olaraq adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcns\u0259, \u0259lb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, H\u00fcqo \u00c7avez v\u0259 onun t\u0259qlid\u00e7il\u0259ri, Boliviyadan Evo Morales v\u0259 Ekvadordan Rafael Korrea \u0259sas populistl\u0259r say\u0131l\u0131rlar. Avropada is\u0259 \u0259ksin\u0259, bu m\u0259nada\u00a0\u00a0 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck son olaraq Avstriyadan Y\u00f6rq Hayder v\u0259 Fransadan Jan-Mari Le Pen olmaqla sa\u011f\u00e7\u0131 siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259rin t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259dir. Tailanda devrilmi\u015f ba\u015f nazir Taksin \u015einavatran\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n h\u0259r\u0259kat da ad\u0259t\u0259n populist hesab olunur.\n<\/p>\n

\n B\u0259zi aliml\u0259r populist h\u0259r\u0259katlara veril\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259yin sosial v\u0259 iqtisadi bazas\u0131na fokuslanma\u011f\u0131 laz\u0131m bilirs\u0259, dig\u0259rl\u0259ri ideologiya v\u0259 stratejik diskurs n\u00f6qteyi-n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n yana\u015fma\u011f\u0131 vacib hesab edir. Yuxar\u0131dak\u0131 fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, populist dam\u011fas\u0131 bir-birind\u0259n kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r f\u0259rql\u0259n\u0259n lider v\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259katlara yap\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. H\u0259tta b\u0259zi aliml\u0259r, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, populizmin h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259m\u0259xsus yoxsa, s\u0131radan fenomen olub-olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u0259min deyill\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n M\u0259n bu t\u0259yinedici debat\u0131n detallar\u0131na enm\u0259yi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcr\u0259m. M\u0259n haz\u0131rda bu ifad\u0259ni istifad\u0259 ed\u0259rk\u0259n, n\u0259 bir tarixi fenomen\u0259, n\u0259 d\u0259 sosial-iqtisadi qurulu\u015fa istinad edir\u0259m. Niyy\u0259tim, m\u00fcasir demokratiyalarda \u0259ks\u0259r\u0259n latent halda rastlan\u0131lan geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tendensiyaya i\u015far\u0259 etm\u0259kdir. M\u0259lum fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131qlar\u0131na baxmayaraq, sosioloqlar\u0131n populizm\u0259 verdiyi geni\u015f q\u0259bul olunmu\u015f m\u0259na m\u0259nim n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutdu\u011fumla uy\u011funluq t\u0259\u015fkil edir.
\n
\n Demokratiya Ensiklopediyas\u0131nda
\n <\/i>
\n \u201cPopulizm\u201d\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259klif olunan izahda yaz\u0131l\u0131r:\n<\/p>\n

\n \u201c\u0130mtiyazl\u0131 elitan\u0131n \u0259ksin\u0259 olaraq siravi v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n maraq, m\u0259d\u0259ni x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259t v\u0259 kort\u0259bii hisl\u0259rin\u0259 diqq\u0259t \u00e7\u0259k\u0259n siyasi h\u0259r\u0259kat. Bu h\u0259r\u0259katlar legitimliyini, balans v\u0259 ya azl\u0131qlar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 diqq\u0259t\u0259 al\u0131nmadan, k\u00fctl\u0259vi toplant\u0131lar, referendum v\u0259 dig\u0259r majoritar demokratiya formalar\u0131n\u0131n fonunda birba\u015fa\u00a0 \u00e7oxlu\u011fun irad\u0259sind\u0259n \u0259ld\u0259 edir\u201d.\n<\/p>\n

\n O d\u0259qiqdir ki, populizm \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 liberalizm v\u0259 ya konstitusionalizml\u0259 d\u00fcz g\u0259lm\u0259y\u0259n demokratiya anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ehtiva edir. (ba\u015fda \u00c7avez n\u00fcmun\u0259si olmaqla, Lat\u0131n Amerikas\u0131ndak\u0131 m\u00fcasir d\u00f6vr populist liderl\u0259r yeni konstitusiyalar\u0131n q\u0259bul olunmas\u0131 t\u0259klifl\u0259rini ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u0259r. M\u0259qs\u0259ds\u0259 haz\u0131rki konstitusiyalarda hakim g\u00fcc\u0259 qoyulan m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri aradan qald\u0131rmaq olur). Populizm \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u2013 t\u0259bii ki, imtiyazl\u0131 elita v\u0259 onun n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rini \u00e7\u0131xmaq \u015f\u0259rtil\u0259 – xalq\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f hal\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259msil\u00e7isi kimi q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 verdiyind\u0259n majoritar anlamda demokratik olaraq qal\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n m\u00f6vqeyind\u0259n yana\u015f\u0131landa populist mesajlar cazib\u0259sini itirir.
\n
\n
\n P
\n <\/i>
\n <\/b>
\n
\n
\n opulistl\u0259r q\u0259bul etdikl\u0259ri \u015feyin xalq\u0131n irad\u0259sini \u0259ks etdirm\u0259sini ist\u0259yirl\u0259r -ad\u0259t\u0259n bu irad\u0259 xarizmatik populist lider t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n y\u00f6nl\u0259ndirilir – v\u0259 bunu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn q\u0259d\u0259r mane\u0259siz ve gecikm\u0259siz h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irtm\u0259k arzusunda olurlar.
\n <\/i>
\n <\/b>
\n Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, onlar\u0131n liberalizmin \u00f6n\u0259mli hesab etdiyi prosedural inc\u0259likl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 f\u0259rdl\u0259rin h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n qorunmas\u0131 kimi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 el\u0259 d\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u0259ri olmur.\n<\/p>\n

\n Populist doktrinalar \u201cxalq\u201d il\u0259 onu \u0259z\u0259n elita aras\u0131nda k\u0259skin m\u00fcxalifliy\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259diyind\u0259n populistl\u0259r varl\u0131lara, maliyy\u0259 kapital\u0131na v\u0259 iri korporasiyalara qar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n m\u00f6vqeyi tuturlar. Anti-Madison\u00e7u ritorikada onlar iqtisadi sinifl\u0259ri azaldaraq sad\u0259c\u0259 iki sinfi \u00f6n\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kirl\u0259r: \u201cvarl\u0131lar\u201d v\u0259 \u201cdig\u0259rl\u0259ri\u201d. T\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr yarana bil\u0259r ki, populistl\u0259r xalq\u0131n bel\u0259 geni\u015f miqyasl\u0131 b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc yax\u015f\u0131 pul qazanmayan qruplar\u0131 qucaqlamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn edibl\u0259r.
\n
\n
\n Ancaq populist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131 he\u00e7 d\u0259 iqtisadi m\u0259nada qavram\u0131r.
\n <\/i>
\n <\/b>
\n Faktiki olaraq, populist h\u0259r\u0259katlar m\u0259d\u0259ni, linqvistik, dini v\u0259 irqi azl\u0131qlara qar\u015f\u0131 antaqonist m\u00f6vqe tutma\u011fa meyilli olurlar. Populizmd\u0259 ad\u0259t\u0259n milliy\u0259t\u00e7ilik ruhlu hakim olur v\u0259 onlarda immiqrantlar v\u0259 \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 immiqrasiyaya qar\u015f\u0131 \u0259dav\u0259t m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur. Populistl\u0259r \u0259halini h\u0259m m\u0259d\u0259ni, h\u0259m d\u0259 iqtisadi anlamda homogen v\u0259 ya yekcins qruplar hal\u0131nda g\u00f6rm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Bel\u0259 oldu\u011fu zaman, m\u0259d\u0259ni x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, \u00e7oxluqdan f\u0259rql\u0259n\u0259nl\u0259r daha \u00e7ox xalq\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259ni hesab olunurlar, n\u0259inki potensial m\u00fctt\u0259fiq.\n<\/p>\n

\n Populizmin cazib\u0259darl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201c
\n
\n Federalist Ka\u011f\u0131zlar\u201d-
\n <\/i>
\n da m\u00fcdafi\u0259 olunan liberal demokratik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 t\u0259rzini t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 alt\u0131nda qoyur.\u00a0 Ancaq eyni zamanda, populist ritorikan\u0131n v\u0259 h\u0259tta populist h\u0259r\u0259katlar\u0131n yenil\u0259nm\u0259si, bel\u0259 dem\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcns\u0259, liberal demokratiyan\u0131n xeyrin\u0259 ola bil\u0259r. \u00c7\u00fcnki bununla liberal demokratiya \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcy\u00fc \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti prinsipind\u0259n uzaqla\u015fma meylini korrekt\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259r. \u018fks halda, passiv qalacaq qruplar\u0131n siyas\u0259t\u0259 c\u0259lb olunmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min ed\u0259n populist h\u0259r\u0259katlar, dig\u0259r yandan onlara verilmi\u015f imtiyazlarla \u00e7ox ir\u0259li getmi\u015f v\u0259 ictimai r\u0259yin qay\u011f\u0131lar\u0131ndan uzaqla\u015fm\u0131\u015f elita v\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259li \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259y\u0259can t\u0259bili rolunu oynaya bil\u0259r. Q\u0131sas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar liberal demokratiyan\u0131 liberal t\u0259r\u0259fin h\u0259dsiz g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259si v\u0259 demokratik t\u0259r\u0259fin g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilm\u0259sind\u0259n qoruya bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Pl\u00fcralizm v\u0259 Multikulturalizm
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n Yuxar\u0131da qeyd el\u0259dim ki, liberal t\u0259r\u0259fin populizm\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131q olaraq h\u0259dsiz g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259\u00a0 radikal pl\u00fcralizm t\u0259rifini verm\u0259k olar. Bu ifad\u0259ni a\u00e7maq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 pl\u00fcralizmin m\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131 x\u0131rdalama\u011fa ehtiyac yanar\u0131r. S\u00f6z\u00fcn \u0259sas m\u0259nas\u0131 \u201c\u00e7oxn\u00f6vl\u00fcl\u00fck\u201d, \u201c\u00e7ox\u00e7e\u015fidlilikdir\u201d. T\u0259kn\u00f6vl\u00fcl\u00fck v\u0259 yegan\u0259lik is\u0259 bu s\u00f6z\u0259 \u0259ks m\u0259nalar\u0131 verir. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, o siyasi anlamda siyasi s\u0259hn\u0259d\u0259 g\u00fcc \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u0131\u015fan qruplar\u0131n geni\u015f \u00e7e\u015fidlililiyini, f\u0259rqliliyini ifad\u0259 edir. \u201cFederalist ka\u011f\u0131zlar\u201d q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131nanda bu s\u00f6zd\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunmasa da, pl\u00fcralizm m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259rin m\u00fcdafi\u0259 etdiyi liberal-demokratiya anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na tamamil\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lir.\u00a0 Onlar\u0131n fikrinc\u0259, h\u0259m iqtisadi maraqlar\u0131n, h\u0259m d\u0259 dini qrupla\u015fmalar\u0131n m\u00fcxt\u0259lifliyi azadl\u0131qlar v\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc-idar\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcnbit \u015f\u0259rait \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tirm\u0259kl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 imkan verir, \u00fcst\u0259lik, bu m\u00fcxt\u0259liflikd\u0259n do\u011fan maraqlar\u0131n m\u00fcbariz\u0259si d\u0259 m\u00fcasir g\u00fcn\u00fcn qanunvericiliyinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca v\u0259zif\u0259sini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir (s\u0259h.79).\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Pl\u00fcralizm s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z m\u0259\u015fhurlu\u011funa \u00e7atmas\u0131 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya M\u00fcharib\u0259sini izl\u0259y\u0259n onlillikl\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcf edir. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f amerikal\u0131 politoloqlar Robert Dahl v\u0259 David.B Truman\u00a0 siyas\u0259td\u0259 maraq qruplar\u0131na dair Madison\u00e7u d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ifad\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u201cpl\u00fcralizm\u201d-d\u0259n istifad\u0259 edirdil\u0259r.
\n <\/i>\n<\/p>\n

\n Britaniyan\u0131n m\u00fcxt\u0259s\u0259r ensiklopediyas\u0131nda pl\u00fcralizm\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 t\u0259rif verilir:\n<\/p>\n

\n Siyas\u0259t – liberal demokratiyalarda g\u00fcc – m\u00fcxt\u0259lif tip iqtisadi v\u0259 ideoloji maraq qruplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda paylan\u0131r (v\u0259 ya paylanmal\u0131d\u0131r) v\u0259 yaln\u0131z elitada v\u0259 ya elitalar qrupunda c\u0259ml\u0259\u015fmir (v\u0259 ya c\u0259ml\u0259\u015fm\u0259m\u0259lidir)\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n Son onillikl\u0259rd\u0259 pluralizm s\u00f6z\u00fc iqtisadi maraqlardan \u00e7ox etnik, m\u0259d\u0259ni v\u0259 ya dini qruplar\u0131n maraqlar\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259 bu azl\u0131qlara \u00f6z h\u0259yat t\u0259rzl\u0259rini v\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259m\u0259xsus \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rini h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259y\u0259 imkan yaratmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 olunur.
\n
\n
\n Bu anlamda istifad\u0259 olunduqda, onun m\u0259nas\u0131 ox\u015far konsepsiya olan \u201cmultikulturalizm\u201d il\u0259 yax\u0131nl\u0131q t\u0259\u015fkil el\u0259yir. Amma multikulturalizm \u0259xlaqi v\u0259 siyasi m\u0259qs\u0259d v\u0259 h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259rind\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7arpacaq qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nlikl\u0259r var. O m\u00fcxt\u0259lif n\u0259z\u0259ri konsepsiyalar v\u0259 siyasi praktikalara istinad edir. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, azsayl\u0131 qruplar\u0131n \u00fcmumi m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t\u0259 verdiyi t\u00f6hv\u0259ni d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259m\u0259kd\u0259n tutmu\u015f, hans\u0131sa bir c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259rin bir yerd\u0259 m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131n\u0131 ifad\u0259 etm\u0259sin\u0259 kimi.
\n <\/i>
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu m\u0259nada, uzun v\u0259d\u0259d\u0259, m\u0259d\u0259ni pl\u00fcralizmin radikal versiyas\u0131 demokratiyan\u0131n ist\u0259r liberal, ist\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259 demokratik komponentl\u0259rin\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q-a\u015fkar h\u0259d\u0259 kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n \"Multikulturalizm
\n Multikulturalizm (ill\u00fcstrasiya)
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n \u0130lk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259, \u0259g\u0259r c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni qruplar g\u00fccl\u0259n\u0259c\u0259ks\u0259, bu zaman onlar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 il\u0259 \u00fczvl\u0259rinin f\u0259rdi h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda potensial m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259 yarana bil\u0259r. Eyni zamanda, radikal pl\u00fcralizm xalq\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc-idar\u0259 qurumlar\u0131n\u0131n z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259hdid ola bil\u0259r. \u018fg\u0259r bir c\u0259miyy\u0259ti \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259n f\u0259rdl\u0259r v\u0259 qruplar ba\u015fl\u0131ca siyasi konsensusa \u015f\u0259rait yaradan m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n fundemantal prinsip v\u0259 ya s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259r \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 raz\u0131la\u015fa bilm\u0259s\u0259l\u0259r, o zaman,\u00a0 \u00e7\u0259tin ki, onlar \u00f6zl\u0259rini birlikd\u0259 bir xalq kimi g\u00f6r\u0259 v\u0259 \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259tl\u0259 yana\u015fma\u011fa m\u0259cbur hiss ed\u0259. B\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259, bu problem il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 \u0259n ayd\u0131n n\u00fcmun\u0259 kimi Bosniya v\u0259 Hersoqovinada demokratiya qurmaqla ba\u011fl\u0131 yaranan \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259ri g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olar. Ancaq \u00fcmumi g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fckd\u0259, bu \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259r daha az ekstremal formalarda da olsa, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u0259rind\u0259n b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur. V\u0259 geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc miqrasiya ax\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir \u00e7ox hiss\u0259sind\u0259 xalqlar\u0131 qaynay\u0131b-qar\u0131\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu g\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rind\u0259, problem daha \u00f6nc\u0259l\u0259r nisb\u0259t\u0259n homogen hesab\u00a0 olunan c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xmaqdad\u0131r. Buna parlaq n\u00fcmun\u0259 Avropan\u0131n m\u00fcs\u0259lman immiqrantlar\u0131 salamlamaqla ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fczl\u0259\u015fdiyi \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259rdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u201cFederalist Ka\u011f\u0131zlar\u201d-\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259ri h\u0259ddind\u0259n art\u0131q m\u00fcxt\u0259lifliyin yaradaca\u011f\u0131 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259y\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 birba\u015fa qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xmasalar da, Federalist 2-d\u0259 Conni Cey t\u0259sdiql\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k bildirir ki:\n<\/p>\n

\n Amerikal\u0131lar eyni \u0259cdadlardan t\u00f6r\u0259y\u0259n, eyni dili dan\u0131\u015fan, eyni din\u0259 qulluq ed\u0259n, idar\u0259etm\u0259nin eyni prinsipl\u0259rin\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131, davran\u0131\u015f v\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7ox ox\u015farl\u0131qlar\u0131 olan, silah, s\u0259y v\u0259 m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rini birl\u0259\u015fdirib \u00e7iyin-\u00e7iyin\u0259 uzun v\u0259 qanl\u0131 yoldan d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u0259r\u0259k ke\u00e7ib,\u00a0 azadl\u0131qlar\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qillikl\u0259rin\u0259\u00a0 m\u0259rdc\u0259sin\u0259 nail olmu\u015f vahid bir xalqd\u0131r. (s\u0259h.38)\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n Amerikan\u0131n sonrak\u0131 inki\u015faf\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rdi ki, bu ortaq g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259rin he\u00e7 d\u0259 ham\u0131s\u0131 demokratiyan\u0131n \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259ruri deyil v\u0259 demokratik idar\u0259etm\u0259nin prinsipl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00fccl\u00fc ortaq \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259r dig\u0259rl\u0259rinin yoxa \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131na g\u0259tir\u0259 bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bununla bel\u0259, ortaq dil kimi amill\u0259r \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcidar\u0259etm\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox \u00f6n\u0259mlidir. Dig\u0259r yandan Hindistan n\u00fcmun\u0259si g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, liberal demokratiyalar \u00e7ox d\u0259rind\u0259n b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 d\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259 bil\u0259r, baxmaraq ki, k\u0259skin m\u0259d\u0259ni v\u0259 linqvistik f\u0259rql\u0259rin i\u015fi \u00e7\u0259tinl\u0259\u015fdirdiyin\u0259 \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 yoxdur.\n<\/p>\n

\n Kims\u0259 dey\u0259 bil\u0259r ki, iqtisadi v\u0259 dini r\u0259ngar\u0259ngliyin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259si Federalistin m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259rin\u0259, f\u0259rdl\u0259rin h\u00fcquqlar\u0131na olan t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 \u00e7oxlu\u011fun idar\u0259 etdiyi hakimiyy\u0259ti t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn faydal\u0131 mexanizm kimi laz\u0131m olub. Ancaq\u00a0 m\u00fcxt\u0259liflik, he\u00e7 d\u0259, b\u0259z\u0259n pl\u00fcralizmin m\u00fcasir n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n iddia oldundu\u011fu\u00a0 kimi \u00f6zl\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fey\u00a0 ya da\u00a0 siyasi v\u0259\u00a0 sosial f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin h\u0259d\u0259fi hesab olunmur
\n
\n .
\n <\/b>
\n Liberal demokratiyan\u0131n \u0259n geni\u015f \u00e7e\u015fidd\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259ri v\u0259 h\u0259yat t\u0259rzl\u0259rini qonaqp\u0259rv\u0259rlikl\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcrm\u0259li oldu\u011fu fikri, – bu, b\u0259z\u0259n \u201cd\u0259y\u0259r pl\u00fcralizmi\u201d adlanan f\u0259ls\u0259fi doktrinan\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fc hesab olunur – r\u0259ngar\u0259nglik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u201cFederalist Ka\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131\u201dnda tutdu\u011fu m\u00f6vqed\u0259n daha y\u00fcks\u0259kd\u0259 tutur.\n<\/p>\n

\n Pluralizm\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 radikal m\u00fcasir (postmodern) \u00f6hd\u0259likl\u0259r \u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6zl\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259 liberal demokratiyaya problem yaratsa da, o, ink\u015faf etmi\u015f demokratik c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 populist meyill\u0259ri n\u0259zar\u0259t alt\u0131nda saxlama\u011fa k\u00f6m\u0259k edir. Yuxar\u0131da da qeyd edildiyi kimi, populizm ad\u0259t\u0259n milliy\u0259t\u00e7ilikl\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunur v\u0259 etnik v\u0259 dini azl\u0131qlara qar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n m\u00f6vqeyi tutur. M\u0259hz bu s\u0259b\u0259b\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, “dig\u0259rin\u0259” h\u00f6rm\u0259tsizliyin b\u00f6y\u00fck q\u0259bah\u0259t say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Q\u0259rbd\u0259,\u00a0 populizm yay\u011f\u0131n m\u0259n\u0259vi v\u0259 siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn q\u0259buledilm\u0259zdir. \u00c7oxlu\u011fun azl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyin\u0259 v\u0259 laqeyidliyin\u0259 siyasi \u0259dal\u0259t v\u0259 safl\u0131q kimi yox, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn q\u0259d\u0259r \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259li bax\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bel\u0259likl\u0259, Avropan\u0131n populist liderl\u0259ri v\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259katlar\u0131 immiqrantlara v\u0259 azl\u0131qlara d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n m\u00f6vqe tutmaqla xeyli sayda d\u0259st\u0259k \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259rk\u0259n, h\u0259m d\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259si t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n onlar\u0131 hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259y\u0259 \u0259ng\u0259ll\u0259y\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck q\u0131naga m\u0259ruz qal\u0131rlar.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Demokratikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 \u0259traf\u0131nda debat
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n Radikal islam\u00e7\u0131lardan ba\u015fqa, \u00e7oxluq prinsipinin \u0259leyhin\u0259 he\u00e7 bir a\u00e7\u0131q m\u00fcxalif\u0259t olmasa da, \u00e7oxlu\u011fun hakimiyy\u0259ti prinsipi liberal demokratiyan\u0131n dig\u0259r aspektl\u0259ri q\u0259d\u0259r ehtirama malik deyil. Bu soyuq m\u00fcharib\u0259nin sonundan etibar\u0259n meydana \u00e7\u0131xan demokratilkl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259rinin dinamikas\u0131ndan ayd\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu m\u00fczakir\u0259l\u0259r, Farid Z\u0259k\u0259riyy\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n hakimiyy\u0259tini azad v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli se\u00e7kil\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 se\u00e7\u0259n ancaq h\u00fcququn aliliyi, f\u0259rd v\u0259 azl\u0131qlar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n qorunmas\u0131 kimi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 axsayan rejiml\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u201cilliberal demokratiya\u201d termininin t\u0259klifi il\u0259 yeni istiqam\u0259t g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcb. Z\u0259k\u0259riyy\u0259ni t\u0259nqid ed\u0259nl\u0259rin \u00e7oxu, o tip \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 se\u00e7kinin ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sini m\u00fcdafi\u0259 etm\u0259kl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, he\u00e7 biri h\u00fcququn aliliyini, f\u0259rdi azadl\u0131qlar\u0131 pisl\u0259m\u0259yib v\u0259 ya \u00e7oxlu\u011fun irad\u0259sinin bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fcst\u0259l\u0259m\u0259li oldu\u011funu m\u00fcdafi\u0259 etm\u0259yib. Dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n d\u0259, Zakariyy\u0259 v\u0259 ba\u015fqalar\u0131 da \u00e7oxluq \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 liberal n\u0259zar\u0259tin yerind\u0259 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 se\u00e7kil\u0259rin ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sinin \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 alt\u0131na al\u0131blar.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u00a0Bunu da qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r idar\u0259etm\u0259nin insanlara daha da yax\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259ricisi kimi d\u0259st\u0259k g\u00f6r\u0259n daha s\u0131x-s\u0131x ke\u00e7iril\u0259n se\u00e7kil\u0259r, referendum v\u0259 s. tipli meyarlar bu g\u00fcnl\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7ox az insan t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nir. \u018fn az\u0131ndan qabaqc\u0131l demokratik \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 populist yana\u015fmalar intellektual d\u0259st\u0259kd\u0259n m\u0259hrumdurlar. M\u0259n dey\u0259rdim ki, bu, qism\u0259n d\u0259, intellektual m\u00fcxt\u0259liflik v\u0259 f\u0259rqliliyin n\u0259tic\u0259sidir. H\u0259tta majoritanianizm etibar\u0131n\u0131 itirs\u0259 bel\u0259, \u00e7oxluq prinsipi v\u0259 onu d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n insanlar\u0131n b\u0259rab\u0259rliyi prinsipi d\u0259yi\u015film\u0259z qald\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259, \u00e7\u0259tin ki, tamamil\u0259 k\u0259nara at\u0131la.\n<\/p>\n

\n M\u0259nim g\u0259ldiyim n\u0259tic\u0259 budur ki, liberal demokratiya \u00f6z m\u00f6hk\u0259mliyini iki apar\u0131c\u0131 daxili m\u00fcxalif m\u0259nb\u0259nin-populizm v\u0259 radikal pl\u00fcralizm- bir-birin\u0259 t\u0259bi\u0259t etibar\u0131 il\u0259 zidd olmas\u0131na borcludur. H\u0259r iki tendensiya m\u00fcxt\u0259lif d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif demokratik qruplarda i\u015fl\u0259yirl\u0259r, amma b\u0259lli bir d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 onlar bir-birl\u0259rini durdurma\u011f\u0131 bacar\u0131rlar. Bu analiz do\u011fru olsa bel\u0259, liberal demokratiya t\u0259r\u0259fdarlar\u0131nda rahatl\u0131q yaratmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk olaraq, bu vaxta q\u0259d\u0259r d\u00fczg\u00fcn olan g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 olmaya bil\u0259r. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, 1980-ci ild\u0259 yazan bir n\u0259f\u0259r m\u0259ntiqi olaraq dey\u0259 bil\u0259rdi ki, birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f kommunist rejiml\u0259ri y\u0131x\u0131lmasayd\u0131, onlar al\u0131nmaz olaraq qalacaqd\u0131lar.\u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca, populizm v\u0259 pl\u00fcralizm aras\u0131ndak\u0131 m\u00fcharib\u0259y\u0259 ke\u00e7ici ara ver\u0259n intellektual c\u0259r\u0259yanlar zamanla d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259 bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u00dcmumil\u0259\u015fdirs\u0259k, burda qeyd etdiyim \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcnizamlama mexanizmi liberal demokratik rejiml\u0259ri z\u0259ruri m\u00fcdafi\u0259 il\u0259 t\u0259min ed\u0259 bil\u0259r, ancaq bu, o dem\u0259k deyil ki,\u00a0 bu sistem liberal demokratiyan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259rin\u0259 d\u0259rind\u0259n ba\u011fl\u0131 olan v\u0259 onu y\u00fcks\u0259k qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndir\u0259n v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flara uzun v\u0259d\u0259d\u0259 \u0259v\u0259zl\u0259yici ola bil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n T\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 etdi: Murad R\u00fcst\u0259m
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n M\u0259nb\u0259: Journal of Democracy\u00a0 – Demokratiya Jurnal\u0131
\n <\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Biz 51 faizlik \u00e7oxlu\u011fun yerd\u0259 qalanlar\u0131 c\u0259za almadan q\u0259tl ed\u0259 bildiyi rejimi demokratik adland\u0131ra bilm\u0259rik<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":70441,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-179640","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analitika","infinite-scroll-item","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33","no-featured-image-padding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPost-kommunizmin 20 ili - MEYDAN.TV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"az_AZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Post-kommunizmin 20 ili - MEYDAN.TV\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Biz 51 faizlik \u00e7oxlu\u011fun yerd\u0259 qalanlar\u0131 c\u0259za almadan q\u0259tl ed\u0259 bildiyi rejimi demokratik adland\u0131ra bilm\u0259rik\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MEYDAN.TV\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-10-15T22:05:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/26966.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1067\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"user-manager\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"user-manager\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/10d11eccf6da3662cf5fdab9806ea91a\"},\"headline\":\"Post-kommunizmin 20 ili\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-10-15T22:05:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":6810,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/26966.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Analitika\"],\"inLanguage\":\"az\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/\",\"name\":\"Post-kommunizmin 20 ili - MEYDAN.TV\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/26966.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-10-15T22:05:49+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"az\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"az\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/26966.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/26966.jpg\",\"width\":1067,\"height\":600,\"caption\":\"Source:\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/article\\\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Ana s\u0259hif\u0259\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Analitika\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/section\\\/analitika\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Post-kommunizmin 20 ili\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/\",\"name\":\"MEYDAN.TV\",\"description\":\"Meydan TV Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n media m\u0259kan\u0131ndak\u0131 alternativ s\u0259sidir\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"az\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Meydan TV\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"az\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/meydan-logo.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/meydan-logo.svg\",\"width\":195,\"height\":46,\"caption\":\"Meydan TV\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.meydan.tv\\\/az\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/10d11eccf6da3662cf5fdab9806ea91a\",\"name\":\"user-manager\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Post-kommunizmin 20 ili - MEYDAN.TV","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/","og_locale":"az_AZ","og_type":"article","og_title":"Post-kommunizmin 20 ili - MEYDAN.TV","og_description":"Biz 51 faizlik \u00e7oxlu\u011fun yerd\u0259 qalanlar\u0131 c\u0259za almadan q\u0259tl ed\u0259 bildiyi rejimi demokratik adland\u0131ra bilm\u0259rik","og_url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/","og_site_name":"MEYDAN.TV","article_published_time":"2016-10-15T22:05:49+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1067,"height":600,"url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/26966.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"user-manager","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/"},"author":{"name":"user-manager","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#\/schema\/person\/10d11eccf6da3662cf5fdab9806ea91a"},"headline":"Post-kommunizmin 20 ili","datePublished":"2016-10-15T22:05:49+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/"},"wordCount":6810,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/26966.jpg","articleSection":["Analitika"],"inLanguage":"az"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/","url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/","name":"Post-kommunizmin 20 ili - MEYDAN.TV","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/26966.jpg","datePublished":"2016-10-15T22:05:49+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"az","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"az","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/26966.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/26966.jpg","width":1067,"height":600,"caption":"Source:"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/post-kommunizmin-20-ili\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Ana s\u0259hif\u0259","item":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Analitika","item":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/section\/analitika\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Post-kommunizmin 20 ili"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/","name":"MEYDAN.TV","description":"Meydan TV Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n media m\u0259kan\u0131ndak\u0131 alternativ s\u0259sidir","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"az"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#organization","name":"Meydan TV","url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"az","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/meydan-logo.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/meydan-logo.svg","width":195,"height":46,"caption":"Meydan TV"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/#\/schema\/person\/10d11eccf6da3662cf5fdab9806ea91a","name":"user-manager"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179640","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=179640"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179640\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/70441"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=179640"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=179640"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=179640"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}