{"id":179189,"date":"2016-09-28T00:46:09","date_gmt":"2016-09-28T00:46:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/article\/alma-qabiqlari\/"},"modified":"2016-09-28T00:46:09","modified_gmt":"2016-09-28T00:46:09","slug":"alma-qabiqlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/alma-qabiqlari\/","title":{"rendered":"Alma qab\u0131qlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n \"Yadigar
\n Yadigar Sad\u0131qov
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n \"Yadigar
\n Yadigar Sad\u0131qov
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n \u00d6t\u0259n \u0259srin 80-ci ill\u0259rinin sonlar\u0131nda SSR\u0130 respublikalar\u0131nda m\u00fcst\u0259qillik meyll\u0259ri k\u00fctl\u0259vi xarakter ald\u0131. Az\u0259rbaycanda \u0259sas\u0259n \u0259razi b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fcy\u00fc u\u011frunda ba\u015flayan xalq h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 da getdikc\u0259 milli-azadl\u0131q mahiyy\u0259ti alma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131.\n<\/p>\n

\n O zaman bir \u00e7oxu, ist\u0259r ittifaq, ist\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259 yerli s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 kommunist siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r v\u0259 iqtisad\u00e7\u0131lar SSR\u0130-nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin iqtisadi s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259sizliyini \u0259sasland\u0131rma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qil ya\u015faya bilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yini s\u00f6yl\u0259yirdil\u0259r. Lakin daha obyektiv iqtisad\u00e7\u0131lar g\u00f6st\u0259rirdil\u0259r ki, m\u00fcst\u0259qillik bir s\u0131ra respublikalar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259lveri\u015flidir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bel\u0259 iqtisad\u00e7\u0131lar m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin s\u0259rf\u0259li oldu\u011fu v\u0259 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 respublikalar\u0131n siyah\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlay\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u0130ndiki siyasi m\u0259hbus siyah\u0131s\u0131 kimi fikirl\u0259r he\u00e7 d\u0259 h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 \u00fcst-\u00fcst\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bir iqtisad\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n siyah\u0131s\u0131nda m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin \u0259lveri\u015fli oldu\u011fu respublika dig\u0259r iqtisad\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirm\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259ks siyah\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Lakin Az\u0259rbaycana m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yox idi. B\u00fct\u00fcn qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilm\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin Az\u0259rbaycana s\u0259rf\u0259li oldu\u011fu g\u00f6st\u0259rilirdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Milli Azadl\u0131q H\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131n\u0131n aksiyalar\u0131nda s\u0259sl\u0259ndiril\u0259n fikirl\u0259r d\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qillik arzular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 iqtisadi c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirirdi. Bu \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015flar insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6zl\u0259ri \u00f6n\u00fcnd\u0259 na\u011f\u0131lvari bir qurulu\u015f yarad\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130qtisadiyyat\u0131n dig\u0259r sah\u0259l\u0259ri bir yana, t\u0259kc\u0259 neft v\u0259 qaz g\u0259lirl\u0259ri Moskvaya getm\u0259yib \u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259 qalsa, c\u0259nn\u0259t kimi bir \u00f6lk\u0259 yaratmaq olacaqm\u0131\u015f…\n<\/p>\n

\n Lap “M\u0259kt\u0259b ill\u0259ri” mahn\u0131s\u0131nda deyildiyi kimi:\n<\/p>\n

\n D\u00fcnya h\u0259l\u0259 bizim \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn na\u011f\u0131ld\u0131,\n<\/p>\n

\n Min arzu il\u0259 al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131q, yan\u0131rd\u0131q.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu arada m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyin yaln\u0131z ilk add\u0131m oldu\u011funa, onu “b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u0259rdl\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259rman” h\u0259ddin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r feti\u015fl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259yin yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na diqq\u0259t vermirdik.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bu g\u00fcn art\u0131q s\u00f6yl\u0259m\u0259k olar ki, na\u011f\u0131l\u0131n sonuna g\u0259ldik. D\u00fczd\u00fcr, h\u0259l\u0259 bir q\u0259d\u0259r s\u0259rv\u0259timiz qal\u0131b. Neft tam t\u00fck\u0259nm\u0259yib, qaz\u0131m\u0131z da var. Lakin ayd\u0131nd\u0131r ki, daha he\u00e7 vaxt Az\u0259rbaycana son ill\u0259rd\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi \u0259srar\u0259ngiz s\u0259rv\u0259t axmayacaq. B\u0259s bu na\u011f\u0131l\u0131n q\u0131sa icmal\u0131 n\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t oldu?\n<\/p>\n

\n Bir t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n g\u00f6zl\u0259diyimizd\u0259n qat-qat g\u00f6z\u0259l oldu. M\u00fcst\u0259qillik qazand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 1991-ci ild\u0259 neftin barreli 17-18 dollar idis\u0259, 2002-ci ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n qiym\u0259t durmadan y\u00fcks\u0259ldi. 2008-ci ilin fevral\u0131nda Brent markal\u0131 neftin qiym\u0259ti tarixd\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 100 dollar\u0131 ke\u00e7di. Yayda is\u0259 tarixi maksimum qeyd\u0259 al\u0131nd\u0131 \u2013 147 dollar. H\u0259min ilin sonunda d\u00fcnya maliyy\u0259 b\u00f6hran\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 neft xeyli ucuzla\u015fsa da, 6 ay sonra yenid\u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259lm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. Dalbadal 3 il, 2011-2013-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 neftin orta illik qiym\u0259ti 100$-dan yuxar\u0131 oldu. 2014-c\u00fc ild\u0259 d\u0259 100 dollara yax\u0131n idi \u2013 98,9 dollar. Yaln\u0131z 2015-ci ilin qiym\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 k\u0259skin azalma m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olundu \u2013 52,4 dollar.\n<\/p>\n

\n Onu da qeyd ed\u0259k ki, Az\u0259rbaycan neftinin \u0259sas n\u0259ql yolu olan Bak\u0131-Tiflis-Ceyhan boru k\u0259m\u0259ri 2006-c\u0131 ilin yay\u0131nda i\u015f\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. Az\u0259rbaycan nefti il\u0259 y\u00fckl\u0259nmi\u015f ilk tanker Ceyhan liman\u0131ndan h\u0259min il iyunun 4-d\u0259 yola d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcb. Y\u0259ni \u0259sas neftimizin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 qiym\u0259tl\u0259rin \u00e7ox y\u00fcks\u0259k oldu\u011fu d\u00f6vr\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcf etdi. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 140 milyard AB\u015e dollar\u0131 h\u0259cmind\u0259 v\u0259saitin daxil oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yl\u0259nilir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Burada na\u011f\u0131l\u0131n xo\u015f hiss\u0259si sona \u00e7at\u0131r. Dig\u0259r hiss\u0259si \u2013 g\u0259lirl\u0259rin nec\u0259 x\u0259rcl\u0259nm\u0259si is\u0259 b\u0259rbad \u015f\u0259kil ald\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnki biz xalq\u0131n s\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olan v\u0259 onun qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hesabat ver\u0259c\u0259k hakimiyy\u0259t formala\u015fd\u0131ra bilm\u0259dik.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bir \u00e7ox halda bu g\u0259lirl\u0259r bizim \u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u0259ldi. Hakimiyy\u0259t neft g\u0259lirl\u0259rind\u0259n, ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259, \u00f6z diktaturas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 zor aparat\u0131n\u0131 m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 etdi. B\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00f6v texniki v\u0259saitl\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259min olunmu\u015f polis, daxili qo\u015funlar, \u00e7evik polis alay\u0131 kimi d\u00f6vl\u0259t strukturlar\u0131 il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 u\u011fursuz idman\u00e7\u0131lardan ibar\u0259t says\u0131z-hesabs\u0131z qo\u00e7u d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259ri formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bunlardan m\u00fcxalif\u0259tin aksiyalar\u0131n\u0131, kort\u0259bii xalq etirazlar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edildi.\n<\/p>\n

\n A\u011flas\u0131\u011fmaz g\u0259lirl\u0259r rejim\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n n\u00fcfuza malik olan \u00e7oxlu sayda insanlar\u0131 \u2013 \u015fair v\u0259 yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, b\u0259st\u0259kar v\u0259 m\u00fc\u011f\u0259nnil\u0259ri, idman\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 v\u0259 dig\u0259rl\u0259rini imtiyazlarla, maddi stimullarla \u015firnikl\u0259ndir\u0259r\u0259k loyall\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k imkan\u0131 verdi. Daim maddi \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259r i\u00e7ind\u0259 ya\u015fayan m\u00fcxalif\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil jurnalistl\u0259rd\u0259n d\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir hiss\u0259 bel\u0259 \u015firnikl\u0259nm\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duru\u015f g\u0259tir\u0259 bilm\u0259di. Bel\u0259c\u0259, rejim \u0259leyhdarlar\u0131n\u0131n c\u0259bh\u0259si, m\u00fcqavim\u0259t h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 z\u0259ifl\u0259di.\n<\/p>\n

\n Eyni al\u0259t\u0259 beyn\u0259lxalq s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t edildi. “K\u00fcr\u00fc diplomatiyas\u0131” ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f \u00fcsulla n\u00fcfuzlu beyn\u0259lxalq strukturlar v\u0259 onlar\u0131n n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259l\u0259 al\u0131nd\u0131, hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 s\u0259rf\u0259li r\u0259y v\u0259 q\u0259rarlar verildi, insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n pozulmas\u0131na g\u00f6z yumuldu.\n<\/p>\n

\n Milyardlarla dollar rejim\u0259 imkan verdi ki, xalqa yalan s\u0131r\u0131yan \u00e7oxlu sayda informasiya vasit\u0259si \u2013 telekanallar, q\u0259zetl\u0259r, saytlar \u2013 t\u0259sis etsin. N\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r “he\u00e7 kim baxm\u0131r, oxumur” des\u0259k d\u0259, bu vasit\u0259l\u0259rin \u0259halinin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n faizin\u0259 t\u0259sirini inkar etm\u0259k sad\u0259l\u00f6vhl\u00fck olard\u0131.\n<\/p>\n

\n Neftd\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n g\u0259lirl\u0259r uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131n dig\u0259r sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259ki bo\u015fluqlar\u0131, probleml\u0259ri \u00f6rt-basd\u0131r etm\u0259y\u0259 imkan verdi. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259, “qeyri-neft sektorunun inki\u015faf\u0131”, “iqtisadiyyat\u0131n \u015fax\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259si” kimi pafoslu ibar\u0259l\u0259r\u0259, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 2 d\u0259f\u0259 q\u0259bul olunmu\u015f “Regionlar\u0131n sosial-iqtisadi inki\u015faf\u0131 haqq\u0131nda” d\u00f6vl\u0259t proqramlar\u0131na baxmayaraq b\u00fct\u00fcn qeyri-neft sah\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl etdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n R\u0259smi statistikaya g\u00f6r\u0259, 2015-ci ild\u0259 regionlardan d\u00f6vl\u0259t b\u00fcdc\u0259sin\u0259 daxilolmalar b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u0259lirl\u0259rin 4,5%-ni t\u0259\u015fkil edib. \u018fyal\u0259td\u0259 iqtisadi t\u0259n\u0259zz\u00fcl\u00fcn hans\u0131 s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ba\u015fqa \u015f\u0259rh\u0259 ehtiyac yoxdur.\n<\/p>\n

\n Neft narkomaniyas\u0131 hakimiyy\u0259tin xalqdan, onun iqtisadi f\u0259aliyy\u0259tind\u0259n v\u0259 vergil\u0259rind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 he\u00e7\u0259 endirdi. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn sah\u0259l\u0259ri inhisara al\u0131nd\u0131. Y\u00fczminl\u0259rl\u0259 \u0259m\u0259k qabiliyy\u0259tli insan\u0131n qazanc dal\u0131nca \u00f6lk\u0259ni t\u0259rk etm\u0259si iqtidar\u0131 n\u0259inki narahat etm\u0259di, \u0259ksin\u0259 naraz\u0131 elektorat\u0131n k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc kimi i\u015fin\u0259 yarad\u0131.\n<\/p>\n

\n Pullar\u0131n n\u0259l\u0259r\u0259, nec\u0259, hans\u0131 b\u0259dx\u0259rclikl\u0259 x\u0259rcl\u0259ndiyini x\u00fcsusi t\u0259svir etm\u0259y\u0259 ehtiyac yoxdur, z\u0259nnimc\u0259. Buraya yollara d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 asfalt \u00e7\u0259kilm\u0259sind\u0259n tutmu\u015f xarici \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin \u0259razil\u0259rinin abadla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, tikilil\u0259rinin t\u0259mir edilm\u0259sin\u0259 kimi geni\u015f spektr daxildir. \u018fvv\u0259lc\u0259 t\u0259mir olunan v\u0259 sonra u\u00e7urulan binalar, t\u0259mt\u0259raqla lenti k\u0259silib sonra i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259n m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259r, yeni qoyulan i\u015f\u0131q dir\u0259kl\u0259rinin bir il sonra d\u0259yi\u015fdirilm\u0259si, h\u0259r\u0259sinin \u00f6z metlax sexi olan icra ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yeni t\u0259yin olunduqlar\u0131 rayonlar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259 v\u0259 parklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z m\u0259hsullar\u0131 il\u0259 “b\u0259z\u0259m\u0259si”, sonrak\u0131 icra hakiminin eyni \u015feyi t\u0259krar etm\u0259si, tendersiz sifari\u015fl\u0259r v\u0259 sat\u0131nalmalar, daha n\u0259l\u0259r, n\u0259l\u0259r. \u018fn \u0259sas\u0131 da b\u00fct\u00fcn bu i\u015fl\u0259rin qiym\u0259tinin d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259l\u0259 \u015fi\u015firdilm\u0259si!\n<\/p>\n

\n N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 bu g\u00fcn oldu\u011fumuz yerd\u0259yik. \u0130ki devalvasiyadan sonra \u0259halinin g\u0259lirl\u0259ri f\u0259lak\u0259tli d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 azal\u0131b. Bir vaxtlar “ac \u00f6lk\u0259” kimi baxd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan v\u0259 Erm\u0259nistan az qala b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259r \u00fczr\u0259 bizi qabaqlay\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bizd\u0259 65 dollara b\u0259rab\u0259r olan minimum \u0259m\u0259k haqq\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda 70, Erm\u0259nistanda is\u0259 115 dollard\u0131r. Orta ayl\u0131q \u0259m\u0259k haqq\u0131nda f\u0259rq daha b\u00f6y\u00fckd\u00fcr. Az\u0259rbaycan – 307$, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan – 355$, Erm\u0259nistan – 410$.\n<\/p>\n

\n M\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259rin orta ayl\u0131q \u0259m\u0259k haqq\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 Erm\u0259nistanla b\u0259rab\u0259riks\u0259 (220$), G\u00fcrc\u00fcstandan 60$ geri qal\u0131r\u0131q. H\u0259kiml\u0259rimizin v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti daha ac\u0131nacaql\u0131d\u0131r – 170$. Erm\u0259nistanda bu r\u0259q\u0259m 260, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanda is\u0259 320 dollara b\u0259rab\u0259rdir.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u018fg\u0259r n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alsaq ki, bizim milli valyutaya t\u0259zyiq g\u00fcrc\u00fc larisin\u0259 v\u0259 erm\u0259ni dram\u0131na olandan daha \u00e7oxdur, o zaman nisb\u0259tin get-ged\u0259 daha da pisl\u0259\u015f\u0259c\u0259yini proqnozla\u015fd\u0131rmaq olar. V\u0259ziyy\u0259ti m\u00fcsb\u0259t\u0259 do\u011fru d\u0259yi\u015fdir\u0259c\u0259k k\u00f6kl\u00fc islahatlar is\u0259 \u00fcf\u00fcqd\u0259 bel\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcr.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bel\u0259c\u0259, na\u011f\u0131l\u0131n sonuna g\u0259ldik. Az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qillik u\u011frunda h\u0259r\u0259kat d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259ki arzular\u0131 smetas\u0131 \u015fi\u015firdil\u0259n, d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kilib-qaz\u0131l\u0131b-\u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n yollar\u0131n asfalt\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u0259fn edildi. Qurdu\u011fumuz g\u00fcl\u00fcstan x\u0259yal\u0131 penoplast \u00fczl\u00fcy\u00fc yanan binan\u0131n qara t\u00fcst\u00fcs\u00fc kimi havaya sovruldu.\n<\/p>\n

\n Az\u0259rbaycan na\u011f\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n sonunda h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 g\u00f6yd\u0259n \u00fc\u00e7 alma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr, h\u0259r d\u0259f\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tsiz b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bizim neft na\u011f\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n da sonunda d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n almalar\u0131n yaln\u0131z qab\u0131qlar\u0131 xalqa \u00e7atd\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00d6t\u0259n \u0259srin 80-ci ill\u0259rinin sonlar\u0131nda SSR\u0130 respublikalar\u0131nda m\u00fcst\u0259qillik meyll\u0259ri k\u00fctl\u0259vi xarakter ald\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":68925,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-179189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-menim-fikrimce","infinite-scroll-item","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33","no-featured-image-padding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAlma qab\u0131qlar\u0131 - MEYDAN.TV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/alma-qabiqlari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"az_AZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Alma qab\u0131qlar\u0131 - 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