{"id":176845,"date":"2016-06-20T07:14:44","date_gmt":"2016-06-20T07:14:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/article\/vetendas-cemiyyetinin-repressiyasinda-leninci-kokler\/"},"modified":"2016-06-20T07:14:44","modified_gmt":"2016-06-20T07:14:44","slug":"vetendas-cemiyyetinin-repressiyasinda-leninci-kokler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/vetendas-cemiyyetinin-repressiyasinda-leninci-kokler\/","title":{"rendered":"”V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin repressiyas\u0131nda Lenin\u00e7i k\u00f6kl\u0259r”"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n \"Vladimir
\n Vladimir \u0130li\u00e7 Lenin – Oktyabr \u0130nqilab\u0131
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n
\n Meydan TV yeni \u201cDemokratiya\u201d layih\u0259sin\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131r. Bu layih\u0259nin ba\u015flama s\u0259b\u0259bi iki amill\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r: Birincisi, Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n informasiya m\u0259kan\u0131nda, geni\u015f m\u0259nada, demokratiya il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 akademik m\u0259tnl\u0259rin v\u0259 ya t\u0259rc\u00fcml\u0259rin ciddi yoxsullu\u011fu ya\u015fan\u0131r. Dig\u0259r bir s\u0259b\u0259b is\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n Az\u0259rbaycanda sistemli b\u00f6hran ya\u015famas\u0131 v\u0259 insanlar\u0131n demokratiya il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u00fcnyada dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lan, m\u00fczakir\u0259 edil\u0259n probleml\u0259rd\u0259n, \u00fczl\u0259\u015fdiyi \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259rd\u0259n az m\u0259lumatl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n <\/i>
\n \n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Yeni layih\u0259 ictimai ehtiyac\u0131n diqt\u0259si il\u0259 bir-birin\u0259 s\u0131x ba\u011fl\u0131 olan bu iki ciddi problemi aradan qald\u0131rmaq v\u0259 bo\u015flu\u011fu qism\u0259n doldurmaq niyy\u0259tind\u0259dir.
\n <\/i>
\n
\n
\n Amma bu i\u015fd\u0259, y\u0259ni demokratiya ad\u0131na k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck ed\u0259c\u0259k insanlara ehtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Akademik m\u0259tnl\u0259ri t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259k bacar\u0131\u011fa sahib olan insanlardan xahi\u015f edirik ki, biziml\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259 saxlas\u0131nlar: demokratiya[at]meydan.tv
\n <\/i>\n<\/p>\n

\n Anne Applebaum\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n Anne Applebaum \u201cVa\u015finqton Post\u201dun (\u201cWashington Post\u201d) v\u0259 \u201cSlate\u201d-nin k\u00f6\u015f\u0259 yazar\u0131d\u0131r. O, h\u0259m d\u0259 Legatum London \u0130nstitutunda Ke\u00e7id Forumuna r\u0259hb\u0259rlik edir. Onun son kitab\u0131: \u201cD\u0259mir P\u0259rd\u0259: \u015e\u0259rqi Avropan\u0131n da\u011f\u0131d\u0131lmas\u0131, 1944-1956\u201d adlan\u0131r. Kitab 2012-ci ild\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr olunub.
\n <\/i><\/p>\n

\n \"Polska
\n Polska YMCA adl\u0131 qurum
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n 1947-ci ild\u0259 kommunist veteran, Pol\u015fa Siyasi B\u00fcrosunun \u00fczv\u00fc v\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259td\u0259 nazir olan Stefan J\u00eadrychowski \u201cAnqlo-Sakson t\u0259bli\u011fat\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 qeydl\u0259r\u201d adl\u0131 memorandum yaz\u0131r. Yaz\u0131da B\u00f6y\u00fck Britaniya v\u0259 AB\u015e medias\u0131n\u0131n, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 xarici moda v\u0259 filml\u0259rinin Pol\u015faya t\u0259sirind\u0259n \u015fikay\u0259tl\u0259nir. Amma onun \u0259sas h\u00fccum obyekti \u201cG\u0259nc Xristianlar\u0131n Birliyi\u201dnin bir qolu olan\u201cPolska YMCA\u201d adl\u0131 qurum olur. 1923-ci ild\u0259 Var\u015favada \u0259sas\u0131 qoyulan, amma daha sonra Hitler t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qada\u011fan edil\u0259n \u201cPolska YMCA\u201d, 1945-ci ild\u0259 Cenevr\u0259d\u0259ki beyn\u0259lxalq YMCA v\u0259 yerli Pol\u015fa \u0259halisinin d\u0259st\u0259yi il\u0259 yenid\u0259n b\u0259rpa olunur.\n<\/p>\n

\n YMCA-n\u0131n Pol\u015fa qolu a\u00e7\u0131q-a\u015fkar qeyri-siyasi bir qurum idi. Onun Pol\u015fada \u0259sas fa\u0259liyy\u0259ti xarici yard\u0131mlar\u0131 \u2013 paltarlar, kitablar v\u0259 qida m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131 \u2013 paylamaq v\u0259 g\u0259ncl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259rsl\u0259r v\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259r t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259k idi. Amma J\u00eadrychowski burda n\u0259s\u0259 gizli motivl\u0259r g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fc. Onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, YMCA-n\u0131n t\u0259bli\u011fat\u0131 \u201cehtiyatla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f\u2026 birba\u015fa siyasi vur\u011fudan k\u0259nar\u201d idi v\u0259 m\u0259hz el\u0259 bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n daha t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li idi. O t\u0259klif edirdi ki, T\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik Nazirliyi t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n maliyy\u0259 auditini t\u0259\u015fkil etsin, hans\u0131 n\u00f6v m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n \u00e7ap edildiyini monitorinq etsin v\u0259 veril\u0259n d\u0259rsl\u0259rin mahiyy\u0259tini ara\u015fd\u0131rs\u0131n. \u0130ki illik m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259d\u0259n sonra kommunist r\u0259hb\u0259rl\u0259r q\u0259rara g\u0259ldi ki, daha b\u0259s ed\u0259r. Onlar YMCA-n\u0131 \u201cburjua-fa\u015fizmin al\u0259ti\u201d elan ed\u0259r\u0259k, ba\u011flad\u0131lar. Orvelsaya\u011f\u0131 q\u0259rib\u0259 qorxu il\u0259 kommunist g\u0259nc aktivistl\u0259r \u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kicl\u0259rl\u0259 kluba h\u00fccum etdi v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn caz diskl\u0259rini m\u0259hv etdi. Daha sonra YMCA-n\u0131n yerl\u0259\u015fdiyi bina, d\u00f6vl\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n idar\u0259 olunan \u201cH\u0259rbi\u00e7il\u0259rin Dostlar\u0131 Liqas\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkilata verildi.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u201cPolska YMCA\u201d-n\u0131n m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259n sonra yenid\u0259n qurulmas\u0131, bug\u00fcnl\u0259rd\u0259 \u201cv\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti\u201d adlanan m\u0259fhuma \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 klassik misald\u0131r. Bir \u00e7ox fenomenl\u0259r kimi, tarixi ke\u00e7mi\u015f\u0259 gedib \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. 18-ci \u0259srd\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t inistitutlar\u0131ndan k\u0259narda f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n gildiyalar, klublar v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif birlikl\u0259r \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t qazanma\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131r. Edmund Burke bu kimi birlikl\u0259ri, heyranl\u0131qla \u201cki\u00e7ik qruplar\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131r v\u0259 onlar\u0131 ictimai ruhun t\u0259zah\u00fcr\u00fc kimi d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirirdi. Aleksis de Tokvill (\u0130ng:Alexis de Tocqueville) d\u0259 \u201cm\u00fcxt\u0259lif ya\u015f qrupundan olan amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif formalarda yaratd\u0131qlar\u0131\u201d bu \u201cbirlikl\u0259r\u201d haqq\u0131nda h\u0259y\u0259canla qeydl\u0259rini edirdi. O, hesab edirdi ki, bu birlikl\u0259r diktatorlu\u011fun sonuna \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r:\n<\/p>\n

\n \u018fg\u0259r insanlar sivil qalmaq v\u0259 ya sivil olmaq ist\u0259yirl\u0259rs\u0259, o zaman birlik qurmaq s\u0259n\u0259ti inki\u015faf etm\u0259li v\u0259 geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259lidir.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n Son ill\u0259rd\u0259 is\u0259 Robert Punam, bu fenomen\u0259 yeni bax\u0131\u015f g\u0259tir\u0259r\u0259k, onu \u201csosial kapital\u201d adland\u0131rd\u0131. Bu k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n \u201cicman\u0131n\u201d \u00fcr\u0259yi oldu\u011funu dedi.\n<\/p>\n

\n \"Alexis
\n Alexis de Tocqueville
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n Amma iyirminci \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259, sonradan Bol\u015fevik olmu\u015f g\u0259nc inqilab\u00e7\u0131lar n\u0259sli v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tin\u0259 alternativ olan n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259ni inki\u015faf etdirdil\u0259r. Burke, Tokville v\u0259 h\u0259tta rus intellektuallar\u0131 inan\u0131rd\u0131 ki, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti demokratiya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox \u00f6n\u0259mli rola sahibdir. Lenin is\u0259 inan\u0131rd\u0131 ki, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin m\u0259hvi totalitar diktaturan\u0131n qurulmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn vacibdir. Stuart Finkel izah edir ki, Lenin \u0259min idi ki, \u201csosialist c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 ictimai sifera t\u0259kx\u0259tli v\u0259 unitar olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. M\u0259hz bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n o, \u201cburjua\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 olan a\u00e7\u0131q m\u00fczakir\u0259ni r\u0259dd edirdi. Bu m\u0259ntiq\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq da, bol\u015fevikl\u0259r m\u00fcst\u0259qil birlikl\u0259ri, ticar\u0259t ittifaqlar\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 gildiyalar\u0131, c\u0259miyy\u0259ti daxild\u0259n par\u00e7alayan \u201cseparatist\u201d v\u0259 ya \u201csinifi\u201d hesab ed\u0259r\u0259k, r\u0259dd edirdil\u0259r. Burjua partiyalar\u0131 kimi onlar\u0131 da, m\u0259nas\u0131z hesab edirdil\u0259r. Lenin yaz\u0131rd\u0131 ki, \u201cAvropa v\u0259 Rusiyada m\u00f6vcud olan siyasi partiyalar\u0131n adlar\u0131 yaln\u0131z reklam xatirin\u0259 se\u00e7ilir. Onlar\u0131n, \u00e7ox zaman m\u00f6vcud olmayan \u201cproqramlar\u0131\u201d da c\u0259miyy\u0259ti aldatmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Faktiki olaraq Burke v\u0259 Tokville azad t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 hans\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n sevirdil\u0259rs\u0259, bol\u015fevikl\u0259r m\u0259hz bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n onlara nifr\u0259t edirdil\u0259r. \u00c7\u00fcnki bu t\u0259\u015fkilatlar insanlara \u00f6z h\u0259yatlar\u0131na n\u0259zar\u0259t imkan\u0131 verir, \u00e7\u00fcnki onlar azad d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259ni d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259yir, \u00e7\u00fcnki bu t\u0259\u015fkilatlar insanlar\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u0259 t\u0259nqidi yana\u015fma\u011fa s\u0259sl\u0259yir.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bol\u015fevikl\u0259rin \u0259lin\u0259 imkan d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n kimi, onlar bu n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259rini reall\u0131\u011fa \u00e7evirdil\u0259r. Rusiya inqilab\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259l\u0259n zaman\u0131nda onlar d\u00fcnyada b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 el\u0259 bir siyasi partiya yaratd\u0131lar ki, o partiyan\u0131n \u0259n a\u015fkar m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259n biri d\u0259 h\u0259min partiyaya loyal olmayan v\u0259 ya onun t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yarad\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f institutlar\u0131 m\u0259hv etm\u0259k idi. Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131nda \u0259n qeyri-siyasi t\u0259\u015fkilatlar da qada\u011fan olundu. \u00c7\u00fcnki Lenin inan\u0131rd\u0131 ki, bu t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131 do\u011fu\u015fdan siyasidir:\n<\/p>\n

\n \u018fg\u0259r onlar a\u015fkar \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 siyasi deyill\u0259rs\u0259, o zaman gizli \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 siyasidirl\u0259r.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n \"Vladimir
\n Vladimir \u0130li\u00e7 Lenin – Oktyabr \u0130nqilab\u0131
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n Bol\u015fevikl\u0259r, futbol v\u0259 ya \u015fahmat il\u0259 maraqland\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 dey\u0259n birlikl\u0259rin bel\u0259 \u00fczd\u0259 aldad\u0131c\u0131 yarl\u0131qlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu, amma daxild\u0259 siyasi m\u0259qs\u0259d g\u00fcdd\u00fckl\u0259rini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r. Sankt-Peterburqdan olan akademik Dmitri Lika\u00e7ev – o sonralar \u0259n m\u0259\u015fhur \u0259d\u0259biyyat t\u0259nqid\u00e7isi kimi ad qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131 \u2013 1928-ci ild\u0259 h\u0259bs edildi. H\u0259bsin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b bu idi ki, o, q\u0259dim yunanlar kimi bir-birl\u0259rini salamlayan f\u0259ls\u0259fi m\u00fczakir\u0259 birliyinin \u00fczv\u00fc idi. H\u0259bsxanadayk\u0259n Lika\u00e7ev \u201cPetroqrad Boy Skaut\u201d-t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 h\u0259bs olunanlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Qeyd ed\u0259k ki, bu t\u0259\u015fkilata sonralar \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa da ciddi \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar.\n<\/p>\n

\n Bol\u015fevikl\u0259rin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 d\u0259rin \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259\u00e7i m\u00fcnasib\u0259ti \u00e7ox nadir hallarda etiraf edilib. Finkel qeyd edir ki, 1920-ci ill\u0259rin \u0259vv\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 Sovetl\u0259r qism\u0259n iqtisadi azadl\u0131q d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fc (Leninin \u201cYeni \u0130qtisadi Plan\u0131\u201d) ya\u015fasa da, h\u0259min d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyat, f\u0259ls\u0259fi v\u0259 dig\u0259r birlikl\u0259rin da\u011f\u0131d\u0131lmas\u0131 davam edirdi. H\u0259tta ortadoks Marksistl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 azad ticar\u0259t, birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259k azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan – qeyri-siyasi futbol v\u0259 ya m\u0259d\u0259ni birlikl\u0259r d\u0259 daxil – daha d\u0259y\u0259rli idi. Bu Leninin d\u0259, Stalinin d\u0259, Xru\u015fovun da v\u0259 Brejniyevin d\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259ti d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 eyni idi. Sovet tarixi boyu bir \u00e7ox \u015fey d\u0259yi\u015fs\u0259 d\u0259, Stalinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra v\u0259 el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259, 1970-1980-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin t\u0259qib olunmas\u0131 davam edib.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u015e\u0259rqi Avropa kommunistl\u0259ri d\u0259 Sovetin bu paranoyas\u0131n\u0131 \u0259xz etmi\u015fdil\u0259r. Bilinmir ki, bu paranoyan\u0131 onlar tez-tez sovetl\u0259r\u0259 etdikl\u0259ri s\u0259f\u0259rd\u0259n sonra \u0259ld\u0259 etmi\u015fdil\u0259r, ya da onlar\u0131n gizli polisd\u0259 olan dostlar\u0131n\u0131n sovetl\u0259rd\u0259 ald\u0131qlar\u0131 t\u0259liml\u0259rd\u0259n sonra bu ba\u015f vermi\u015fdi. Ola bil\u0259r ki, b\u0259zi hallarda, Sovetl\u0259rin \u015e\u0259rqi Avropada olan generallar\u0131 v\u0259 s\u0259firl\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n onlara paranoyik olmaq g\u00f6st\u0259ri\u015fi verilmi\u015fdi. Bir ne\u00e7\u0259 hallarda, Sovet h\u00f6kum\u0259tinin \u015e\u0259rqi Avropada olan h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259ri yerli kommunistl\u0259r\u0259 bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n ba\u011flanmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259ri\u015fl\u0259r veribl\u0259r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u015e\u0259rqi Almaniyada xiz\u0259k\u00e7il\u0259rin t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n qada\u011fan olunmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259ri\u015f var.\n<\/p>\n

\n Rusiyada inqlabdan sonra oldu\u011fu kimi, \u015e\u0259rqi Avropada da n\u0259inki siyas\u0259t\u00e7il\u0259r, h\u0259tta v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin aktivistl\u0259ri t\u0259qib olunma\u011fa, istintaqa c\u0259lb olunma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1945-48-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131 Macar\u0131standa se\u00e7kil\u0259r n\u0259z\u0259ri olaraq azad olsa da, Pol\u015fada qanuni m\u00fcxalif partiya f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti t\u0259msil\u00e7il\u0259ri, bir \u00e7ox birlikl\u0259r art\u0131q t\u0259qib olunma\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Almaniyan\u0131 i\u015f\u011fal etdikd\u0259n bir ne\u00e7\u0259 ay sonra Sovet h\u0259rbi komandirl\u0259ri dini xidm\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259r\u0259 qada\u011fa qoymasa da, onlar\u0131 s\u0131x\u0131\u015fd\u0131rma\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. 1940 v\u0259 50-ci ill\u0259rin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rin\u0259 kimi f\u0259rdi ticar\u0259t qada\u011fan olunmasa da, katolik g\u0259ncl\u0259r qruplar\u0131 h\u0259bs edilir v\u0259 t\u0259qib\u0259 m\u0259ruz qal\u0131rd\u0131.\n<\/p>\n

\n M\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259n sonra bol\u015fevikl\u0259rin t\u0259sirin\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259 eyni siyas\u0259t x\u0259ttini tutma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Kommunist \u00c7in v\u0259 \u015eimali Koreya bu m\u0259nada yax\u015f\u0131 n\u00fcmun\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 bol\u015fevik maniyas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn azad t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n m\u0259hv edilm\u0259si s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 g\u0259lib \u00e7at\u0131r. Bu m\u0259nada onlar, b\u0259z\u0259n, sovetl\u0259rd\u0259n daha da ir\u0259li gedirdil\u0259r. Daha az a\u015fkar g\u00f6r\u00fcns\u0259 d\u0259, \u0259r\u0259b diktatorlar\u0131, \u0130raq v\u0259 Livya daxil, eyni siyas\u0259t x\u0259ttini tutmu\u015fdular. Muammar al-Qadhafi v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tini m\u0259hv etm\u0259kd\u0259 fanatikc\u0259sin\u0259 davran\u0131r, h\u0259tta onun hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259n siyasi partiya yarad\u0131lmas\u0131na imkan vermir. \u018fr\u0259b bahar\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 alternativ t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n olmamas\u0131, radikal islam\u0131n c\u00fcc\u0259rm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olan faktlar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r:\n<\/p>\n

\n Bir \u00e7ox \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 m\u0259s\u00e7idl\u0259r yegan\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n azad t\u0259\u015fkilatlar rolunu oynay\u0131b.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n
\n Repressiya dissidentliy\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n H\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259, Sovetl\u0259rd\u0259, onun m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 v\u0259 onu yams\u0131layan d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin s\u0131radan \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131lmas\u0131 bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri unikal edir. Hitler eyni hissl\u0259rin da\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olsa da, hakimiyy\u0259ti az s\u00fcrd\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259n Almaniyada m\u00f6vcud olan b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti inistitutlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131radan \u00e7\u0131xara bilm\u0259di. Bunun \u0259ksin\u0259, bol\u015fevikl\u0259r v\u0259 onlar\u0131n ard\u0131c\u0131llar\u0131 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tini, m\u00fcxalif siyasi partiyalar\u0131, azad sahibkarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00f6v g\u0259ncl\u0259r birlikl\u0259rini, idman klublar\u0131n\u0131, t\u0259hsil birlikl\u0259rini v\u0259 dig\u0259r birlikl\u0259ri s\u0131radan \u00e7\u0131xarmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox zamanlar\u0131 var idi. Onlar b\u00fct\u00fcn bu birlikl\u0259ri d\u00f6vl\u0259tin \u00e7\u0259tiri alt\u0131nda toplaya bildil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Amma n\u0259tic\u0259 olaraq, bol\u015fevikl\u0259r bu davaml\u0131 siyas\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 bir \u015feyi n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n qa\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131lar v\u0259 s\u0259hv etdil\u0259r: Lenin anlam\u0131rd\u0131 ki, c\u0259miyy\u0259tin b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259zar\u0259t\u0259 alma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan alan totalitar rejiml\u0259r, sonda c\u0259miyy\u0259tin h\u0259r bir k\u0259simind\u0259n potensial dissident\u0259rin \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olacaq. D\u00f6vl\u0259t i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn y\u00fcks\u0259k kvota m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etdiyind\u0259n, \u015e\u0259rqi Almaniya i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259ri i\u015f \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259rinin a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0259sas g\u0259tir\u0259r\u0259k, 1953-c\u00fc ild\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 etirazlara ba\u015flad\u0131lar. D\u00f6vl\u0259t yarad\u0131c\u0131 adamlar\u0131n, y\u0259ni yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n n\u0259 yazmal\u0131, r\u0259ssamlar\u0131n n\u0259 \u00e7\u0259km\u0259li oldu\u011funu diqt\u0259 etdiyind\u0259n, bu diqt\u0259d\u0259n k\u0259nar \u00e7\u0131xan b\u00fct\u00fcn yarad\u0131c\u0131 k\u0259sim avtomatik olaraq dissident\u0259 \u00e7evrildi. V\u0259 n\u0259 zaman ki, b\u00f6y\u00fck insan k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259ri azad birlikl\u0259r\u0259 qo\u015fulma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131 \u2013 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, 10 milyon pol\u015fal\u0131 \u201cSolidarnost\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczv\u00fc idi \u2013 o zaman rejimin m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259y\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n \"Berlind\u0259
\n Berlind\u0259 i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259rin 1953-c\u00fc ild\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 etirazlar\u0131
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n Zaman ke\u00e7dikc\u0259, kommunist rejiml\u0259rin siyasi opponentl\u0259ri anlad\u0131 ki, bu Sovet t\u0259rzi totalitar idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin daxili z\u0259ifliyidir. 1978-ci ild\u0259 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cG\u00fccs\u00fczl\u0259rin g\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d adl\u0131 m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l essesind\u0259, V\u00e1clav Havel \u00f6z \u00f6lk\u0259sinin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 saxta v\u0259 pafoslu jarqonu t\u0259rk etm\u0259y\u0259, onun \u0259v\u0259zind\u0259 \u201ch\u0259qiq\u0259tin i\u00e7ind\u0259 ya\u015fama\u011fa\u201d, bir s\u00f6zl\u0259, sanki rejim yoxmu\u015f kimi dan\u0131\u015f\u0131b, h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Havel, insanlar\u0131 \u00f6z \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin idar\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rinin h\u0259r \u015fey\u0259 total n\u0259zar\u0259t etm\u0259k \u00e7\u0131l\u011f\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da uy\u011fun formada istifad\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. O deyirdi ki, \u0259g\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259t insan f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin b\u00fct\u00fcn sah\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259t etm\u0259k ist\u0259yirs\u0259, o zaman h\u0259r bir v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f \u201cc\u0259miyy\u0259tin azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d qoruma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u201c\u00f6z t\u0259hsilind\u0259n tutmu\u015f, d\u00fcnya haqq\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259y\u0259, azad yarad\u0131c\u0131 f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olma\u011fa v\u0259 onu ba\u015fqa insanlarla \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t dilin\u0259 \u00e7evirm\u0259y\u0259, \u0259n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif, azad v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil formada \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u015f\u0259kill\u0259ndirm\u0259y\u0259\u201d s\u0259sl\u0259yirdi.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n \"Vaclav
\n Vaclav Havel – G\u00fccs\u00fczl\u0259rin g\u00fcc\u00fc kitab\u0131
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n Bu d\u00f6n\u0259md\u0259, \u201cc\u0259miyy\u0259tin azad h\u0259yat\u0131\u201d \u2013 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti – \u0259n qeyri-adi formalarda \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. Macarlar akademik m\u00fczakir\u0259 klublar\u0131na topla\u015fma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00c7exl\u0259r caz qruplar\u0131 yaratd\u0131lar. Pol\u015fal\u0131lar yeralt\u0131 skot d\u0259st\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 sonda azad ticar\u0259t birlikl\u0259ri yaratma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. H\u0259r yerd\u0259, insanlar rok musiqisi \u00e7alma\u011fa, \u015feir gec\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259y\u0259, gizli biznes qurma\u011fa, yeralt\u0131 f\u0259ls\u0259fi seminarlar t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259y\u0259, qara bazarda m\u0259hsullar satma\u011fa v\u0259 kils\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 getm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Onlar h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00fccd\u0259 l\u0259tif\u0259l\u0259r qo\u015furdular. Ba\u015fqa c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 bu kimi f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259r qeyri-siyasi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t kimi q\u0259bul edilirdi. H\u0259tta \u015e\u0259rqi Avropada bel\u0259 bu f\u0259aliyy\u0259tl\u0259r ciddi \u201cm\u00fcxalif\u0259t\u00e7ilik\u201d say\u0131lm\u0131rd\u0131. Amma bu, insanlara h\u0259yatlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u015f\u0259xsi n\u0259zar\u0259t hissi verirdi. Y\u0259ni insanlar d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259n azad olmu\u015f v\u0259 rahat \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 ya\u015famaq hissini duya bilirdil\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Zaman\u0131nda onlar\u0131n da siyas\u0259t\u0259 ciddi t\u0259siri olub. 1956-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Macar\u0131standa olan ki\u00e7ik akademik m\u00fczakir\u0259 qruplar\u0131 b\u00f6y\u00fcy\u0259r\u0259k, ictimai g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r ke\u00e7irm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar v\u0259 sonda bu Macar\u0131stan inqilab\u0131na apar\u0131b \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131. 1980-ci ild\u0259 \u201cSolidarnost\u201d h\u00fcquqi m\u00f6vcudlu\u011funu t\u0259sdiq ets\u0259 d\u0259, ilyar\u0131m sonra qanunla qada\u011fa edildi. 1989-cu ild\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Almaniya Protestan qruplar\u0131 v\u0259 azad aktivistl\u0259r Leipziqd\u0259 y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r ke\u00e7irdi, bu is\u0259 Berlin divarlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fmas\u0131nda m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynad\u0131.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n \"Solidarnost
\n Solidarnost – M\u00fcst\u0259qil \u00d6z\u00fcn\u00fcidar\u0259ed\u0259n H\u0259mkarlar \u0130ttifaq\u0131
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n Kommunizim \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fckd\u0259n sonra \u015e\u0259rqi v\u0259 M\u0259rk\u0259zi Avropada insanlar yenid\u0259n azad \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 topla\u015fma\u011fa, t\u0259\u015fkilatlar qurma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Amma b\u0259zi yerl\u0259rd\u0259, bu deyilm\u0259si asan, amma edilm\u0259si \u00e7\u0259tin proses oldu: v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n azad intellektual, siyasi, xeyriyy\u0259 v\u0259 ya idman t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcsl\u0259rini h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irdiyi \u00f6z\u0259l, sivil, sosial v\u0259 xeyriyy\u0259 institutlar\u0131 art\u0131q m\u00f6vcud deyildi. Qanunvericilik sistemi d\u0259 onlar\u0131 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259m\u0259di. \u0130\u015f etikas\u0131n\u0131n kommunist Avropas\u0131nda itirilm\u0259si v\u0259 s\u0259hm bazar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 kapitalist institutlar\u0131n\u0131n yoxlu\u011fu bar\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7ox deyilib v\u0259 yaz\u0131l\u0131b. Amma 1989-cu il\u0259 kimi insanlar m\u0259suliyy\u0259tli olmaq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tind\u0259n tutmu\u015f, xeyriyy\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan ad\u0259t-\u0259n\u0259n\u0259ni, qanunlar\u0131 v\u0259 h\u0259tta etikan\u0131 unutmu\u015fdular. Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131nda bu yetmi\u015f il, M\u0259rk\u0259zi Avropada is\u0259 q\u0131rx il s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc.\n<\/p>\n

\n Onlar\u0131 \u0259v\u0259z etm\u0259k asan deyildi. H\u0259tta daha pis oldu, bel\u0259 ki, ke\u00e7mi\u015f Sovet blokunda olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin dem\u0259k olar ham\u0131s\u0131, \u0259n az\u0131 ilk ba\u015flarda, onlar\u0131n yenid\u0259n dir\u00e7\u0259lm\u0259sinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 alma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131. 1989-cu ild\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259ti t\u0259nqid ed\u0259n q\u0259zet m\u0259qal\u0259si a\u011flas\u0131\u011fmaz v\u0259 h\u0259tta bir \u00e7ox k\u00f6hn\u0259 sovet v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259li g\u0259lirdi. D\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin x\u0259ttind\u0259n k\u0259nar formala\u015fan v\u0259 f\u0259rqli bax\u0131\u015f m\u0259nims\u0259y\u0259n m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259r bel\u0259 insanlara q\u0259rib\u0259 g\u0259lirdi. Xeyriyy\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259rinin f\u0259rdl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n apar\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si bir \u00e7oxu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn q\u0259buledilm\u0259z v\u0259 h\u0259tta \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259li g\u0259lirdi: Xeyriyy\u0259\u00e7ilik ed\u0259n insanlar\u0131n motivl\u0259ri g\u00f6r\u0259s\u0259n n\u0259dir? Ham\u0131 ilk olaraq bu sual\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 verirdi. N\u0259zar\u0259td\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015f siyasi debatlar insanlara daha d\u0259h\u015f\u0259tli g\u0259lirdi. \u0130ctimaiyy\u0259t qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda insanlar\u0131n bir-biri il\u0259 m\u00fcbahis\u0259 etm\u0259si, b\u0259z\u0259n h\u0259tta bir-birinin \u00fcz\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0131\u015fq\u0131rmas\u0131 insanlara da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131, b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc v\u0259 h\u0259tta t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu da h\u0259qiq\u0259tdir ki, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259tin yoxlu\u011funda, \u201cazadl\u0131q\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc sad\u0259c\u0259 bo\u015f sloqan t\u0259siri ba\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131rd\u0131. Ola bilsin ki, art\u0131q \u00f6z asud\u0259 vaxt\u0131n\u0131 ist\u0259diyin kimi ke\u00e7ir\u0259 bil\u0259rdin, amma, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, yerli futbol klubu maliyy\u0259 problemi \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131b, onu n\u0259yl\u0259s\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z etm\u0259k olmur. S\u0259nin icman futbol klublar\u0131n\u0131 nec\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259kl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 bacar\u0131qlar\u0131 art\u0131q unudub. S\u0259n siyas\u0259t\u0259 qo\u015fula bil\u0259rdin, amma siyasi partiyalar v\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkilatlar z\u0259ifdir, korrupsiyaya u\u011fray\u0131b v\u0259 pis t\u0259\u015fkil olunub. S\u0259n \u0259traf\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fcn kas\u0131bl\u0131\u011fa \u0259s\u0259bl\u0259\u015f\u0259 bil\u0259rs\u0259n, amma daha bu insanlara k\u00f6m\u0259k etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn pul toplamaq bacar\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 itirmis\u0259n. Zaman ke\u00e7dikc\u0259, \u0259lb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, bir \u00e7ox ke\u00e7mi\u015f kommunist d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131 yeni reall\u0131\u011fa al\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar, f\u0259rdi azadl\u0131q ideyas\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259nims\u0259dil\u0259r v\u0259 h\u0259v\u0259sl\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tini qurma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Dig\u0259rl\u0259ri is\u0259 bunu bacara bilm\u0259di. Regional olaraq bu iki qrupun g\u00fccl\u00fc v\u0259 z\u0259if olmas\u0131 h\u0259min \u00f6lk\u0259nin spesifik tarixi v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni konteksind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq d\u0259yi\u015fir. Do\u011frudan da, onlar\u0131n nisbi \u00e7\u0259kisi \u00e7ox vacibdir: ke\u00e7mi\u015f post-kommunist d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tin\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259ti, t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fc d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259, h\u0259min \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin siyasi v\u0259ziyy\u0259tini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Pol\u015fada, kommunizmin son on ili \u0259rzind\u0259, \u201cqeyri-leqal\u201d v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259ri qurumlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131 \u00e7oxalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Pol\u015fa t\u0259kc\u0259 \u201cSolidarnost\u201d il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015fm\u0131rd\u0131, burada dig\u0259r \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 azad t\u0259\u015fkilatlar boy g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi: inc\u0259s\u0259n\u0259t v\u0259 yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 qruplar\u0131, kils\u0259 birlikl\u0259ri v\u0259 h\u0259tta yeralt\u0131 skoting h\u0259r\u0259katlar. 1989-cu il\u0259 g\u0259ldikd\u0259, pol\u015fal\u0131lar n\u0259inki t\u0259\u015fkilatlara qanuni m\u00f6vcudluq haqq\u0131 verdi, h\u0259tta onlar\u0131n t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 idar\u0259 etm\u0259k t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259ri bel\u0259 \u00e7oxalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Rusiyada, bunun \u0259ksin\u0259 olaraq, topla\u015fmaq azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetmi\u015f il idi ki, repressiyaya m\u0259ruz qal\u0131rd\u0131 \u2013 h\u0259tta bundan \u0259vv\u0259l d\u0259 m\u0259hdudiyy\u0259tl\u0259r var idi. Rusiyada, adi insanlar azad v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti institutlar\u0131na \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 il\u0259 baxma\u011fa davam edirdi. Bundan daha pisi ba\u015f verdi. 2000-ci ild\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259nl\u0259r – Yeltsinin \u201cm\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti\u201d hakimiyy\u0259tind\u0259n sonra \u2013 k\u00fct \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n k\u0259sildi. Putinin azad v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na h\u00fccumu, qism\u0259n d\u0259 olsa, \u201cKKB\u201d-nin hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259li\u015fini \u0259ks etdirirdi.\n<\/p>\n

\n Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 \u201cKKB\u201d-nin \u0259sas v\u0259zif\u0259si is\u0259 azad birlikl\u0259ri, t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131, institutlar\u0131 m\u0259hv etm\u0259k idi.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n \"KGB
\n KGB – v\u0259siq\u0259si
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n Ke\u00e7dikl\u0259ri t\u0259liml\u0259rd\u0259 onlara \u00f6yr\u0259dilmi\u015fdi ki, hadis\u0259l\u0259rin sad\u0259c\u0259 ba\u015f verm\u0259sin\u0259 imkan verm\u0259k olmaz, hadis\u0259l\u0259r manipulyasiya olunmal\u0131d\u0131r; bazarlar h\u0259qiq\u0259td\u0259 azad olmamal\u0131d\u0131r, onlar s\u0259hn\u0259 arxas\u0131ndan idar\u0259 edilm\u0259lidir; se\u00e7kil\u0259rin n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ri g\u00f6zl\u0259nilm\u0259z olmamal\u0131d\u0131r, h\u0259r \u015fey \u0259vv\u0259ld\u0259n planlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Eyni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 il\u0259 onlara \u00f6yr\u0259dilmi\u015fdi ki, n\u0259zar\u0259td\u0259 olmayan t\u0259\u015fkilatlar d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259ndirl\u0259r. Azad birlikl\u0259rin avtoritar idar\u0259\u00e7iliy\u0259 t\u0259hdid t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259sini Putin \u00f6z \u015f\u0259xsi t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259sind\u0259 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. 1989-cu ild\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Almaniyan\u0131n Drezden \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 olark\u0259n, k\u00fctl\u0259vi k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259 etirazlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015e\u0259rqi Almaniya gizli polisi olan Statsinin ba\u015f ofisl\u0259rinin nec\u0259 da\u011f\u0131td\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015fahidi olmu\u015fdu. V\u0259 o, t\u0259k deyil. Onu \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n insanlar\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti eyni sistemin i\u00e7ind\u0259 eyni t\u0259liml\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7ibl\u0259r. T\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fc deyil ki, \u201cKKB\u201d-nin hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259sind\u0259n sonra azad birlikl\u0259rin ham\u0131s\u0131 sistematik \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 v\u0259 yava\u015f-yava\u015f s\u0131radan \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131ld\u0131. 2012-ci ilin noyabr ay\u0131nda, Rusiya Dumas\u0131 q\u0259rara ald\u0131 ki, Q\u0259rbd\u0259n maliyy\u0259 alan b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u0259\u015fkilatlar \u201cxarici agent\u201d, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, x\u0259fiyy\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 kimi qeydiyyatdan ke\u00e7m\u0259lidirl\u0259r.\n<\/p>\n

\n Yerind\u0259 v\u0259 audit yoxlamalar\u0131 bir \u00e7ox birlikl\u0259rin, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259hsil v\u0259 s\u0259hiyy\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarin ofisl\u0259rini ba\u011flamas\u0131na, Rusiyan\u0131 t\u0259rk etm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. 50-d\u0259n \u00e7ox t\u0259\u015fkilat, insan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 v\u0259 Stalinizim tarixinin qorunub saxlan\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olan \u201cMemorial\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 da daxil, xarici agentl\u0259r kimi qeydiyyatdan ke\u00e7m\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur edildil\u0259r. Rusiyada \u0259sas\u0131 qoyulmu\u015f, riyaziyyat\u0131 v\u0259 elmi d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259n \u201cRusiya Dinastiyas\u0131\u201d Xeyriyy\u0259 Fondu da, xarici agent kimi qeydiyyatdan ke\u00e7irilm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur edildi. \u201cRusiya Dinastiyas\u0131\u201d Fondunun yarad\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 v\u0259 yegan\u0259 donoru bu ilin \u0259vv\u0259li qeyd etdi ki, \u0259g\u0259r xarici agent yarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259s\u0259, fond i\u015fini dayand\u0131racaq. V\u0259 el\u0259 h\u0259min ilin iyul ay\u0131nda t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n idar\u0259 hey\u0259ti f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini dayand\u0131rmaq q\u0259rar\u0131n\u0131 elan etdi. Son qanun Rusiyaya imkan verir ki, onlar \u201carzuolunmaz\u201d ist\u0259nil\u0259n t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 ba\u011flaya bilsinl\u0259r. Bu t\u0259\u015fkilatlar aras\u0131nda \u201cAmnesty \u0130nternational\u201d v\u0259 \u201cHuman Rights Watch\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 da var. Bu qanun \u0259sas\u0131nda \u201carzuolunmaz\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilatlarla \u201c\u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q\u201d ed\u0259n ist\u0259nil\u0259n t\u0259\u015fkilat da c\u0259rim\u0259l\u0259n\u0259 v\u0259 c\u0259zaland\u0131r\u0131la bil\u0259r. Rusiya c\u0259miyy\u0259ti, onsuz da, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t i\u015ftirak etm\u0259diyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn buna \u00f6yr\u0259\u015fm\u0259mi\u015fdi. Bunun \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 haz\u0131rk\u0131 qorxunu da \u0259lav\u0259 olundu\u011funu n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alsaq, onlar bundan tamam imtina ed\u0259 bil\u0259rl\u0259r. \u00c7ox tezlikl\u0259 Rusiyada azad formada yarad\u0131lan v\u0259 idar\u0259 edil\u0259n ist\u0259nil\u0259n v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti birliyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcns\u00fcz olacaq; yegan\u0259 \u201clegitim\u201d t\u0259\u015fkilatlar d\u00f6vl\u0259tin n\u0259zar\u0259tind\u0259 olan t\u0259\u015fkilatlar olacaq. Rusiya bol\u015fevik elementl\u0259rini \u00f6z idar\u0259\u00e7iliyind\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131b atmasa, bu, bel\u0259 d\u0259 davam ed\u0259c\u0259k. \u0130ndi sual budur ki, g\u00f6r\u0259s\u0259n dig\u0259r post-kommunist c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259r d\u0259 – do\u011frudan da, onlar\u0131n bir \u00e7oxu Sovet idealogiyas\u0131n\u0131n ciddi t\u0259sirin\u0259 m\u0259ruz qal\u0131b – eyni yolu tutacaq, ya yox.\n<\/p>\n

\n Avropa Birliyin\u0259 qo\u015fulmu\u015f olan bir \u00e7ox M\u0259rk\u0259zi Avropa Baltik \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri azad \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 topla\u015fmaq h\u00fcququnu, b\u00f6y\u00fck ehtimal, qoruyub saxlayacaqlar (Amma Macar\u0131stan\u0131n haz\u0131rki ba\u015f naziri olan Viktor Orban Macar\u0131standa f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n v\u0259 xaricd\u0259n maliyy\u0259l\u0259\u015f\u0259n b\u0259zi t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 h\u00fccum edir). V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti Ukraynada \u00e7ox g\u00fccl\u00fcd\u00fcr, onlar h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 Sovet Ukraynas\u0131 kimi m\u00f6vcud olan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k \u0259n\u0259n\u0259sini qoruyub saxlay\u0131blar. Amma Belarusyada, M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiyada, Kubada, Afrikan\u0131n bir qismind\u0259 v\u0259 bir \u00e7ox \u0259r\u0259b \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 bol\u015fevikl\u0259rin ideyas\u0131na sadiqlik qalmaqdad\u0131r. Onlar azad t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 t\u0259hdid kimi q\u0259bul edirl\u0259r. Burada ironiya ondad\u0131r ki, bol\u015fevikl\u0259r bir \u00e7ox m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259rind\u0259 u\u011fursuzlu\u011fa d\u00fc\u00e7ar oldular. Onlar he\u00e7 zaman beyn\u0259lmil\u0259l kommunist inqilab\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7\u0259kl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259 bilm\u0259dil\u0259r, onlar\u0131n iqtisadi n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si etibardan d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc v\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zi planlama siyas\u0259ti iflasa u\u011frad\u0131. Amma Leninin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 daha az \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli ideyalar\u0131 Qahir\u0259d\u0259, Havanada, Minskd\u0259, Pyonqyanda v\u0259 Da\u015fk\u0259ndd\u0259 ya\u015fama\u011fa davam edir. B\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 el\u0259 m\u0259hz bu ideyalar \u0259n \u00e7ox ya\u015famaq g\u00fcc\u00fc olan v\u0259 \u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li olanlar\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u018fg\u0259r insanlar sivil qalmaq v\u0259 ya sivil olmaq ist\u0259yirl\u0259rs\u0259, o zaman birlik qurmaq s\u0259n\u0259ti inki\u015faf etm\u0259li v\u0259 geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259lidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":61058,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-176845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analitika","infinite-scroll-item","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33","no-featured-image-padding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n''V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin repressiyas\u0131nda Lenin\u00e7i k\u00f6kl\u0259r'' - MEYDAN.TV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/vetendas-cemiyyetinin-repressiyasinda-leninci-kokler\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"az_AZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"''V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin repressiyas\u0131nda Lenin\u00e7i k\u00f6kl\u0259r'' - 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