{"id":172630,"date":"2016-01-11T19:37:16","date_gmt":"2016-01-11T19:37:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/article\/neft-leneti\/"},"modified":"2016-01-11T19:37:16","modified_gmt":"2016-01-11T19:37:16","slug":"neft-leneti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/neft-leneti\/","title":{"rendered":"Neft l\u0259n\u0259ti"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n Yaz\u0131ma ba\u015f verib-verm\u0259diyi m\u0259lum olmayan, amma reall\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259ks etdir\u0259n bir l\u0259tif\u0259 il\u0259 ba\u015flamaq ist\u0259rdim. Bir g\u00fcn Nigeriyan\u0131n iqtisadiyyat naziri ba\u015f nazirl\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr v\u0259 aralar\u0131nda bel\u0259 bir dialoq ya\u015fan\u0131r: \u201cC\u0259nab ba\u015f nazir, m\u0259nim siz\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131rmal\u0131 oldu\u011fum bir pis v\u0259 bir d\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131 x\u0259b\u0259r var\u201d. Ba\u015f nazir ilk olaraq xo\u015f x\u0259b\u0259ri e\u015fitm\u0259k ist\u0259yir v\u0259 iqtisadiyyat naziri xo\u015f x\u0259b\u0259r kimi yeni z\u0259ngin neft yataqlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0259\u015ff olundu\u011funu bildirir. Bu x\u0259b\u0259rd\u0259n xo\u015fhal olan ba\u015f nazir deyir: \u201c\u018fla, bu, \u00e7ox yax\u015f\u0131 oldu. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, biz \u0259halinin g\u0259lirl\u0259rini art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131q. B\u0259s pis x\u0259b\u0259r n\u0259 idi?\u201d \u0130qtisadiyyat naziri cavab\u0131nda deyir: \u201cPis x\u0259b\u0259r odur ki, biz el\u0259 indic\u0259 z\u0259ngin neft yataqlar\u0131 k\u0259\u015ff etmi\u015fik\u201d.
\n <\/i><\/p>\n

\u0130st\u0259rdim, yaz\u0131n\u0131n davam\u0131n\u0131 l\u0259tif\u0259nin xo\u015f t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ba\u015flay\u0131m. \u018fslind\u0259, m\u0259ntiql\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcns\u0259k, etiraf etm\u0259liyik ki, h\u0259r bir \u00f6lk\u0259nin inki\u015faf\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kapitala ehtiyac\u0131 var, h\u0259tta kapital n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r \u00e7ox olarsa, bir o q\u0259d\u0259r yax\u015f\u0131 olar. T\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259r bu m\u0259nada potensial kapital kimi d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirilm\u0259lidir. Bel\u0259 ki, t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 bol olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r daha \u00e7ox kapitala sahib olmaq imkan\u0131na malikdir. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, m\u0259ntiqi ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 davam etdirs\u0259k,<\/p>\n

1) t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259ri sataraq h\u0259min \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r onu kapitala \u00e7evirm\u0259li,
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\n 2) h\u0259min kapital\u0131 \u0259halinin ehtiyaclar\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 etm\u0259li,
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\n 3) daha da d\u0259rin\u0259 gets\u0259k, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259liyik ki, h\u0259min \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r \u0259ld\u0259 etdiyi kapital\u0131 iqtisadiyyat\u0131n diversifikas\u0131yas\u0131na, y\u0259ni qeyri-neft (resurs) s\u0259nayesinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259r\u00fcffat\u0131n\u0131n, onun maddi texniki bazas\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131, sosial, siyasi v\u0259 iqtisadi institutlar\u0131n g\u00fccl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 etm\u0259li, c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 orta g\u0259lirli t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259nin say\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaqla siyasi v\u0259 iqtisadi stabilliy\u0259 nail olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, m\u0259ntiqi n\u0259tic\u0259nin sonlu\u011fu bu olmal\u0131d\u0131r ki, h\u0259min \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259n sonra \u00f6z \u0259halisinin maddi t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcks\u0259ltmi\u015f, daha d\u0259qiq, iqtisadi, siyasi, sosial v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni institutlar\u0131 inki\u015faf etdirmi\u015f z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 v\u0259 yana\u015fma uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t iqtisad\u00e7\u0131lar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nib. \u0130qtisad\u00e7\u0131 aliml\u0259rd\u0259n olan Norton Ginsburg 1957-ci ild\u0259 yaz\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cGeni\u015f v\u0259 \u00e7ox\u015fax\u0259li t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259tli iqtisadi inki\u015faf \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n bir ne\u00e7\u0259 add\u0131m \u00f6nd\u0259dir\u201d. Ancaq 1980-ci ild\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq, bunun tam \u0259ksi olan prosesin getdiyi m\u0259lum olma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n


\n L\u0259tif\u0259nin pis t\u0259r\u0259fi n\u0259dir?
\n <\/b><\/p>\n

S\u0259rv\u0259tin l\u0259n\u0259ti (Resuorce Curse)<\/p>\n

Son onillikl\u0259rd\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u0259\u015fhur iqtisadi fikir c\u0259r\u0259yanlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f s\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 paradoksal fenomenl\u0259rd\u0259n biri \u201cs\u0259rv\u0259tin l\u0259n\u0259ti\u201d adlan\u0131r. Bu n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 sosial v\u0259 iqtisadi inki\u015fafla t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259r aras\u0131nda \u0259ks m\u00fcnasib\u0259t var. T\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259ti az v\u0259 ya olmayan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r sosial v\u0259 iqtisadi bax\u0131mdan daha \u00e7ox inki\u015faf etmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. 17-ci \u0259sr \u0130spaniyas\u0131 koloniyalardan \u00e7oxlu q\u0131z\u0131l v\u0259 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f g\u0259tirirdi, bununla bel\u0259, o, iqtisadi bax\u0131mdan he\u00e7 bir resursu olmayan o d\u00f6vr\u00fcn Hollandiyas\u0131ndan \u00e7ox geri qal\u0131rd\u0131. 19-20\u2013ci \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 z\u0259ngin Rusiya he\u00e7 bir s\u0259rv\u0259ti olmayan Yaponiya v\u0259 \u0130sve\u00e7r\u0259d\u0259n qat-qat gerid\u0259 idi. Son d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 is\u0259 he\u00e7 bir resursu olmayan C\u0259nubi Koreya, Sinqapur, Tayvan, Hon-Kong t\u0259bii resursla z\u0259ngin Venesuela, Meksika, Nigeriyadan d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 ir\u0259lid\u0259dir. Bu problem x\u00fcsusi il\u0259 neftl\u0259 z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc biruz\u0259 verir. Terry Lynn Karl bu fenomen\u0259 \u201cbollu\u011fun ziddiy\u0259ti\u201d (paradox of plenty) ad\u0131n\u0131 verib. Onun fikrin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Norve\u00e7i \u00e7\u0131xmaq \u015f\u0259rti il\u0259 dem\u0259k olar, b\u00fct\u00fcn neftl\u0259 z\u0259ngin v\u0259 ondan as\u0131l\u0131 olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r d\u00fcnyada \u0259n \u00e7ox iqtisadi problem ya\u015fayan, avtoritar v\u0259 konfliktl\u0259r i\u00e7ind\u0259 olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rdir. Buraya Lat\u0131n Amerikas\u0131, Yax\u0131n \u015e\u0259rq, Asiya v\u0259 Afrika kimi b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259r daxildir.<\/p>\n

1965-ci ild\u0259n 1980-c\u0131 il\u0259 kimi neftl\u0259 z\u0259ngin OPEC \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u00dcDM 1.3 % nisb\u0259tind\u0259 azal\u0131bsa, he\u00e7 bir resursa sahib olmayan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 2.2% art\u0131m olub. Bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r h\u0259tta k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259r\u00fcffat\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 daha kas\u0131b olublar. \u00d6l\u00fcm hallar\u0131, t\u0259hsil, s\u0259hiyy\u0259 he\u00e7 bir t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259ti olmayan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 neftl\u0259 z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 daha pis durumda olub. 1997-ci ilin statistikas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, OPEC \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin t\u0259hsill\u0259 x\u0259rcl\u0259diyi pulun \u00dcDM nisb\u0259ti 4% olubsa, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin \u00fcmumi nisb\u0259ti 5% olub. Bu kimi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r h\u0259rbiy\u0259 dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 iki d\u0259f\u0259 daha \u00e7ox pul x\u0259rcl\u0259yibl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

Bir milyard barel neft reservin\u0259 sahib Ekvatorial Qvineya 1995-ci ild\u0259n bu g\u00fcn\u0259 kimi g\u00fcn \u0259rzind\u0259 400 min barel neft ixrac edir. \u00dcmumi Daxili M\u0259hsul (\u00dcDM) bax\u0131m\u0131ndan h\u0259r adam ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n g\u0259lir nisb\u0259tind\u0259 Fransadan, Yaponiyadan v\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Britaniyadan ir\u0259lid\u0259dir. Ancaq c\u0259mi 700 min \u0259halisi olan bu \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 insanlar g\u00fcn\u00fc 2 dollara \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu m\u0259nada Ekvatorial Qvineya neft l\u0259n\u0259ti \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n birin\u0259 \u00e7evrilib. B\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 sahib olan bu \u00f6lk\u0259 a\u011flas\u0131\u011fmaz korrupsiyan\u0131n v\u0259 pis idar\u0259\u00e7iliyin qurban\u0131na \u00e7evrilib. \u018fhalinin v\u0259ziyy\u0259tinin pisl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si fonunda 30 ild\u0259n \u00e7oxdur \u00f6lk\u0259ni idar\u0259 ed\u0259n Obiang ail\u0259si v\u0259 onun \u0259traf\u0131ndak\u0131 elita b\u00f6y\u00fck s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 yiy\u0259l\u0259nib.<\/p>\n

1971-1989-cu ill\u0259ri \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131n birind\u0259 m\u0259lum olub ki, iqtisadi inki\u015fafla t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rin bollu\u011fu aras\u0131nda t\u0259rs m\u00fcnasib\u0259tlik var. Neft v\u0259 dig\u0259r t\u0259bii resurslarla z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 korrupsiya, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f m\u00fcharib\u0259si hallar\u0131, avtoritarizm\u0259 meyllilik, h\u0259rbi x\u0259rcl\u0259r bu kimi z\u0259nginliyi olmayan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 daha \u00e7ox olub. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu ara\u015fd\u0131rmalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131xan maraql\u0131 m\u0259qam odur ki, bu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r f\u0259rqli m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti, co\u011frafiyan\u0131 v\u0259 siyasi hakimiyy\u0259ti da\u015f\u0131salar da, onlar eyni probleml\u0259 \u00fczl\u0259\u015fibl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

\u201cSiyasi n\u00f6qteyi-n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n \u0259halinin g\u0259lirl\u0259rinin artmas\u0131 h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 demokratiyan\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131 v\u0259 onun g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olub, ancaq bu hal\u0131 resurslarla z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r haqq\u0131nda dem\u0259k olmur, h\u0259tta orada \u00fcmumi tendensiya antidemokratik istiqam\u0259tli olub\u201d.
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\n Neft z\u0259nginliyi olan v\u0259 \u0259sas g\u0259lirl\u0259rini neft v\u0259 qazdan \u0259ld\u0259 ed\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin he\u00e7 biri demokratik deyil.<\/p>\n

Niy\u0259 bel\u0259 olur?<\/p>\n

Bu fenomenin izah\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00f6rd m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u0259sas ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u0259r:<\/p>\n

Sosial izah;
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\n \u0130qtisadi izah;
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\n Siyasi izah;
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\n \u0130nstitusional izah.<\/p>\n


\n Sosial izah:
\n <\/b><\/p>\n

Sosial s\u0259b\u0259b kimi g\u00f6st\u0259rilir ki, resursla z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259nb\u0259llik daha \u00e7ox olur. Bu fenomeni \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 izah ed\u0259n aforizml\u0259rd\u0259n biri bel\u0259dir: \u201cEhtiyac yeniliyin anas\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. T\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 z\u0259ngin olmayan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin bu s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259 daha inki\u015faf etmi\u015f olmas\u0131 bu fikri t\u0259sdiql\u0259yir, ancaq Norve\u00e7in n\u00fcmun\u0259sind\u0259 bu yana\u015fma \u00f6z \u0259sasl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 itirir.\n<\/p>\n

\n \"\"
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\n \u0130qtisadi izah:
\n <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n \u0130qtisadi s\u0259b\u0259bi izah etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u201cHolland sindromu\u201d deyil\u0259n anlay\u0131\u015fa ba\u015f vururlar. \u201cHolland sindromu\u201d n\u0259dir? 1960-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 Niderland Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, ba\u015fqa ad\u0131yla Hollandiya \u015eimal D\u0259nizind\u0259 z\u0259ngin qaz yataqlar\u0131 a\u015fkarlad\u0131. \u0130qtisad\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, bu tap\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259si Hollandiya iqtisadiyat\u0131nda \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc iki formada g\u00f6st\u0259rdi. Birinci formada bu \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u201cx\u0259rcl\u0259m\u0259 effekti\u201d \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rdi. X\u0259rcl\u0259m\u0259 effekti anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, resursla z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tin \u00e7oxlu\u011fu v\u0259 onun s\u00fcr\u0259tli inki\u015faf\u0131 h\u0259min \u00f6lk\u0259nin valyutas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259y\u0259rini art\u0131r\u0131r v\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck miqdarda valyutaya yiy\u0259l\u0259n\u0259n d\u00f6vl\u0259t, bu valyutan\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131b-sat\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan, ba\u015fqa adla qeyri-ticari sah\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 x\u0259rcl\u0259yir, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, tikintiy\u0259. \u00c7\u00fcnki \u00f6lk\u0259nin valyuta d\u0259y\u0259ri y\u00fcks\u0259ldiyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istehsal mallar\u0131n\u0131n da xarici bazarda d\u0259y\u0259ri art\u0131r v\u0259 sonda r\u0259qab\u0259t\u0259 tab g\u0259tirm\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k s\u0131radan \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Bu, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 ciddi infilyasiyaya s\u0259b\u0259b olur. \u0130kinci formada is\u0259 bu \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259rin v\u0259 kapital\u0131n qeyri-ticari sah\u0259y\u0259 ax\u0131n\u0131na t\u0259kan verm\u0259sind\u0259, onu stimulla\u015fd\u0131rmaqda g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 bu iki forma birl\u0259\u015f\u0259r\u0259k, qeyri-ticari sah\u0259nin inki\u015faf\u0131na, ancaq istehsal sah\u0259sind\u0259 (k\u0259nd\u0259 t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 v\u0259 s\u0259naye) i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259n insanlar\u0131n azalmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olurdu. Bu is\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259td\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131m\u0131na, onun d\u00fcnya bazar\u0131ndak\u0131 t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tin qiym\u0259tind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 v\u0259ziyy\u0259t\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259, s\u0259naye, k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259r\u00fcffat\u0131 kimi istehsal sah\u0259l\u0259rinin z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259sin\u0259, bir s\u00f6zl\u0259 ciddi deqradasiyas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olurdu.<\/p>\n

Nigeriyal\u0131 iqtisad\u00e7\u0131 Pat Utominin ara\u015fd\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259, 1987-1990-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 Nigeriyan\u0131n neft istehsal\u0131 k\u0259skin \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u0259rk\u0259n, istehsal sah\u0259l\u0259ri q\u0259fil s\u0131\u00e7ray\u0131\u015f ed\u0259r\u0259k s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 inki\u015fafa ba\u015flay\u0131b. Ancaq 1990-c\u0131 ild\u0259 neft istehsal\u0131n\u0131n artma\u011fa ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan d\u0259rhal sonra istehsal sah\u0259l\u0259rinin inki\u015faf\u0131 dayand\u0131, 1999-cu ild\u0259 is\u0259 bu sah\u0259 tamamil\u0259 \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Son zamanlar\u0131n ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 is\u0259 bu b\u0259ladan qurtulmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, ancaq bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6lk\u0259 ciddi fiskal t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259 aparmaqla valyutan\u0131 n\u0259zar\u0259td\u0259 saxlamal\u0131, qeyri-resurs sah\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 subsidiya ay\u0131rmaqla onu t\u0259dric\u0259n inki\u015faf etdirm\u0259lidir. Maraql\u0131 m\u0259qam budur ki, bu tip t\u0259nziml\u0259m\u0259l\u0259r \u00e7ox az \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259ss\u0259r olub.<\/p>\n


\n Siyasi izah:
\n <\/b><\/p>\n

Siyasi izahlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda \u0259n geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f n\u0259z\u0259riy\u0259y\u0259 \u201crenta\u201d (icar\u0259) ad\u0131 verilib. Renta d\u00f6vl\u0259ti o d\u00f6vl\u0259tdir ki, \u00f6z t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tini uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli icar\u0259y\u0259 verir. \u0130car\u0259 haqq\u0131 ver\u0259nl\u0259r is\u0259 xarici \u015firk\u0259tl\u0259r, d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 s. olur.\u00a0 T\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rini icar\u0259y\u0259 verm\u0259k v\u0259 bel\u0259likl\u0259, he\u00e7 bir \u0259m\u0259ksiz pul qazanmaq asan oldu\u011fundan bu tipli g\u0259lir\u0259 \u0259m\u0259ksiz qazanc ad\u0131n\u0131 da verirl\u0259r, \u00e7\u00fcnki bu c\u00fcr g\u0259lir d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259n, onun v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131ndan \u0259m\u0259k s\u0259rf etm\u0259yi t\u0259l\u0259b etmir. \u00d6lk\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u201cicar\u0259dar iqtisadiyyat\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00f6rd\u0259 \u015f\u0259rtin olmas\u0131 vacibdir:<\/p>\n

1) \u00d6lk\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131nda dominantl\u0131q icar\u0259d\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n g\u0259lirin olmal\u0131d\u0131r;
\n
\n 2) \u0130car\u0259 haqq\u0131 ver\u0259nl\u0259r m\u00fctl\u0259q xarici \u015firk\u0259tl\u0259r, d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r bir s\u00f6zl\u0259 xarici \u0259sasl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r;
\n
\n 3) Yaln\u0131z \u0259hlinin c\u00fczi bir k\u0259simi bu icar\u0259 haqlar\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131nda i\u015ftirak etm\u0259lidir. \u018fg\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259halisinin b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259t icar\u0259 haqlar\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131nda v\u0259 y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131nda i\u015ftirak edirs\u0259, onda h\u0259min \u00f6lk\u0259 icar\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259si deyil;
\n
\n 4) \u0130car\u0259d\u0259n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck pay\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n


\n \u0130car\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 f\u0259sadlar n\u0259l\u0259rdir?
\n <\/b><\/p>\n

Birincisi, he\u00e7 bir \u0259m\u0259k s\u0259rf etm\u0259d\u0259n \u0259ld\u0259 edil\u0259n g\u0259lird\u0259n b\u00fcdc\u0259ni dolduran \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fdan alaca\u011f\u0131 vergiy\u0259 mara\u011f\u0131 itir. Bu is\u0259, qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 olaraq,\u00a0 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131n verdiyi verginin h\u00f6kum\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n hara x\u0259rcl\u0259n\u0259c\u0259yin\u0259 mara\u011f\u0131n\u0131n itm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olur. \u0130kincisi, h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f aras\u0131nda qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 maraqdan do\u011fan \u0259laq\u0259 itdiyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259t aras\u0131nda olan sosial m\u00fcqavil\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6z \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tin itirir. H\u00f6kum\u0259t \u0259haliy\u0259 xidm\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n xidm\u0259t aparat\u0131ndan f\u0259rql\u0259n\u0259n \u0259caib bir quruma \u00e7evrilir. \u018fg\u0259r bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u00f6z v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n vergisind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131rsa, o, siyasi liderl\u0259ri m\u0259cbur ed\u0259c\u0259k ki, onlar u\u011furlu siyasi-iqtisadi modeller haz\u0131rlamaqla v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259sini v\u0259 etibar\u0131n\u0131 qazans\u0131nlar. \u00c7\u00fcnki \u00f6z m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n verdiyi vergid\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olan h\u00f6kum\u0259td\u0259, vergi d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259murlar\u0131 il\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f aras\u0131nda m\u0259suliyy\u0259t hissi yaradan m\u0259cburedici al\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7evrilir. Bu zaman d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259murlar\u0131 maksimum \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ki, \u0259halinin g\u00f6zl\u0259ntil\u0259rini qar\u015f\u0131las\u0131n, \u00e7\u00fcnki geni\u015f anlamda d\u00f6vl\u0259t funksiyalar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259sas maliyy\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flardan g\u0259lir. V\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f d\u00f6vl\u0259t funksiyalar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131nda \u0259sas investora \u00e7evrildiyind\u0259n \u00f6d\u0259diyi vergil\u0259rin d\u00fczg\u00fcn v\u0259 effektiv istifad\u0259sind\u0259 ciddi mara\u011fa sahib olur.
\n
\n \u018fsas g\u0259lirini v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131n verdiyi vergid\u0259n yox, t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n qazanan h\u00f6kum\u0259td\u0259 is\u0259 (renta h\u00f6kum\u0259ti) v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015fa xidm\u0259t etm\u0259k t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fc k\u0259skin \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 azal\u0131r. D\u00f6vl\u0259t ma\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z-\u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 idar\u0259 olunur, m\u0259murlar is\u0259 vergiy\u0259 c\u0259lb ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259ri yeni s\u0259rv\u0259t yerl\u0259ri yaratmaq haqq\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcrl\u0259r. Bu is\u0259 sonda b\u00fct\u00fcn toplum \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ox b\u0259lal\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bel\u0259 ki, v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda m\u0259suliyy\u0259t hissini itir\u0259n v\u0259 ondan as\u0131l\u0131 olmayan, bir s\u00f6zl\u0259 xaricd\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n g\u0259lirl\u0259 qidalanan m\u0259murlar bu tipli g\u0259lir\u0259 \u00f6z m\u00fclkiyy\u0259ti kimi yana\u015fma\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131rlar. Qazand\u0131qlar\u0131 s\u0259rv\u0259ti v\u0259 onlara varlanma imkan\u0131 yaradan siyasi hakmiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini qorumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00f6vl\u0259t aparat\u0131n\u0131 zorak\u0131, basq\u0131\u00e7\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259zizci bir orqana \u00e7evirirl\u0259r. \u00d6lk\u0259nin \u0259sas g\u0259liri siyasi hakimiy\u0259t t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n paylan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ham\u0131 hakmiyy\u0259td\u0259 t\u0259msil olunanlara yax\u0131n olma\u011fa can at\u0131r. Bu is\u0259 sonda d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259 korrupsiya v\u0259 patronaj sistemi inki\u015faf etm\u0259sin\u0259, elit t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259nin varlanmas\u0131na, yerd\u0259 qalanlar\u0131n is\u0259 as\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011fa v\u0259 kas\u0131b\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa yuvarlanmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur.<\/p>\n


\n \u0130nstitusional izah:
\n <\/b><\/p>\n

Darom Acemo\u011flu v\u0259 Robinsonun \u201cXalqlar n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn iflasa u\u011fray\u0131r\u201d (\u201cwhy nation fail\u201d) \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 institutlar\u0131n d\u00f6vl\u0259tin inki\u015faf\u0131nda m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nedici rolu haqq\u0131nda geni\u015f bilgi verilir. Onlar institut dedikd\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tini, m\u00fclkiyy\u0259t h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n qorunmas\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyini, t\u0259hsil\u0259 v\u0259 siyasi azadl\u0131qlara h\u0259r k\u0259sin b\u0259rab\u0259r \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tuturlar. Onlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 institutlar\u0131 z\u0259if olan \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin kas\u0131bl\u0131\u011fa, korrupsiyaya, avtoritorizm\u0259 yuvarlanmas\u0131 qa\u00e7\u0131lmazd\u0131r. \u0130qtisadiyyat\u0131n s\u00fcr\u0259tli v\u0259 davaml\u0131 inki\u015faf\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn institutlar\u0131n, x\u00fcsus\u0259n d\u0259 \u00f6z\u0259l m\u00fclkiyy\u0259t h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n qorunmas\u0131, d\u00f6vl\u0259tin v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131 istismar etm\u0259sinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131nda m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynay\u0131r. Bu tezisi g\u00fccl\u0259ndir\u0259n faktorlardan biri Kanada, Avstraliya v\u0259 Norve\u00e7 kimi t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 z\u0259ngin \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin haz\u0131rki inki\u015faf durumudur. Onlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, bu kimi \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r m\u0259hz g\u00fccl\u00fc, dayan\u0131ql\u0131 institutlar\u0131 inki\u015faf etdirdikl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u00fccl\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u0259r. (D\u0259rin\u0259 getm\u0259d\u0259n bildirim ki, bu haqda ayr\u0131ca m\u0259qal\u0259 yaz\u0131lacaq).<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n bu hiss\u0259si daha \u00e7ox ara\u015fd\u0131rmalara istinad\u0259n yaz\u0131l\u0131b, bunu \u00f6z t\u0259f\u0259kk\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn m\u0259hsulu hesab ed\u0259 bilm\u0259r\u0259m. Sad\u0259c\u0259 oxuduqlar\u0131mdan anlad\u0131qlar\u0131m\u0131 sizl\u0259rl\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k ist\u0259dim.<\/p>\n


\n Az\u0259rbaycan
\n <\/b><\/p>\n

\u018fslind\u0259 m\u0259qal\u0259ni oxuduqca, ist\u0259r-ist\u0259m\u0259z Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fczd\u0259 tutacaq v\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259l\u0259r ed\u0259c\u0259ksiniz. M\u0259qal\u0259nin uzun al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131b, Az\u0259rbaycandak\u0131 durumla ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7ox q\u0131sa t\u0259svir verm\u0259k ist\u0259yir\u0259m.<\/p>\n

Ham\u0131ya m\u0259lumdur ki, Az\u0259rbaycan neft v\u0259 qazdan, bir s\u00f6zl\u0259 t\u0259bii s\u0259rv\u0259td\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 durumdad\u0131r. D\u00f6vl\u0259t b\u00fcdc\u0259sinin formala\u015fmas\u0131nda neftin pay\u0131 birba\u015fa 60-70 %, dolay\u0131 yolla is\u0259 95% nisb\u0259tind\u0259dir. \u018fg\u0259r yuxar\u0131da sadalanan izahlara diqq\u0259tl\u0259 baxsaq, etiraf etm\u0259li olaca\u011f\u0131q ki, biz haz\u0131rda s\u0259rv\u0259t l\u0259n\u0259ti fenomeninin b\u0259las\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015famaqday\u0131q.<\/p>\n

Siyasi izahda oldu\u011fu kimi haz\u0131rda Az\u0259rbaycan \u201cicar\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259ti\u201ddir. Neftd\u0259 \u0259sas pay xarici \u015firk\u0259t olan BP-y\u0259 (British Petrolium) m\u0259xsusdur. H\u0259tta nefti istehsal ed\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn texnoloji qur\u011fular da Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n he\u00e7 bir \u0259m\u0259yi olmadan haz\u0131rlan\u0131b v\u0259 istifad\u0259d\u0259dir. G\u0259lirl\u0259rin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131nda Az\u0259rbaycan insan\u0131n\u0131n he\u00e7 bir pay\u0131 yoxdur. Biz, Yal\u00e7\u0131n \u0130slamzad\u0259nin dediyi kimi, \u00f6z \u00f6lk\u0259mizd\u0259 turist kimi ya\u015famaqday\u0131q. D\u00f6vl\u0259t b\u00fcdc\u0259sinin formala\u015fmas\u0131nda vergil\u0259r neft\u0259 uduzur. Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131 il\u0259 onun m\u0259muru aras\u0131nda \u0259laq\u0259 is\u0259 tamamil\u0259 itib. Qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 m\u0259suliyy\u0259t anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yoxa \u00e7\u0131x\u0131b. Az\u0259rbaycan m\u0259murunun onun v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131na ehtiyac\u0131 yoxdur. 9 milyon yox, lap 200 min olaq, art\u0131q bu h\u00f6kum\u0259ti q\u0259tiyy\u0259n maraqland\u0131rm\u0131r, h\u0259tta \u0259halinin \u00e7ox olmas\u0131 onlar\u0131n xo\u015funa g\u0259lmir. D\u00f6vl\u0259t aparat\u0131 bir qrup insan\u0131n iqtisadi maraqlar\u0131na xidm\u0259t etm\u0259kd\u0259dir. Korrupsiya, patronaj sistemi, \u201cday-day\u201d (y\u0259ni \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r) sistemi \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 g\u0259lir \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259yin yegan\u0259 formas\u0131na \u00e7evrilib. C\u0259miyy\u0259tin sinikl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si, yaltaqla\u015fmas\u0131 prosesi pik h\u0259dd\u0259 \u00e7at\u0131b.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadi izahdak\u0131 kimi Az\u0259rbaycan tam anlam\u0131nda bir \u201cHolland sindromu\u201d ya\u015famaqdad\u0131r. Neft istehsal\u0131 ba\u015flayandan \u00f6lk\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck valyutan\u0131n \u0259sas hiss\u0259si tikinti sah\u0259sin\u0259 y\u00f6nl\u0259ndirildiyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn olan-qalan s\u0259naye sektoru v\u0259 x\u00fcsus\u0259n k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 dem\u0259k olar, m\u0259hv oldu. Aqrar sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259hali k\u00fctl\u0259si neftin fontan vurdu\u011fu Bak\u0131ya \u00fcz tutaraq, k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131nda olan i\u015f\u00e7i q\u00fcvv\u0259sinin ciddi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259sin\u0259 v\u0259 onun s\u0131radan \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. Haz\u0131rda k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6lk\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131nda pay\u0131 1-2% nisb\u0259tind\u0259 d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259ndirilir. Az\u0259rbaycan qida t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizliyin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u00fcnyada risk qrupu \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri s\u0131ras\u0131ndad\u0131r. M\u0259n h\u0259l\u0259 bu ax\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6lk\u0259nin m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 vurdu\u011fu ziyanlardan, k\u0259ndli-\u015f\u0259h\u0259rli m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rinin k\u0259skinl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sind\u0259n dan\u0131\u015fm\u0131ram.<\/p>\n

Valyutam\u0131z\u0131n d\u0259y\u0259ri baha oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Az\u0259rbaycanda istehsal, s\u0259naye sah\u0259l\u0259rinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u0259lirli deyil, bu is\u0259 onu keyfiyy\u0259tli v\u0259 ucuz s\u0259nay\u0259 m\u0259hsullar\u0131 istehsal ed\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda aciz duruma sal\u0131r. M\u0259n h\u0259l\u0259 korrupsiya v\u0259 monopoliyan\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r s\u0259naye v\u0259 k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259r\u00fcffat\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259ng\u0259ll\u0259ri xat\u0131rlatm\u0131ram.<\/p>\n

\u0130nstitusional izahdak\u0131 kimi, Az\u0259rbaycanda m\u00fckiyy\u0259t h\u00fcququna v\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tin\u0259 \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259t yoxdur. \u0130nsanlar m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tinin n\u0259d\u0259n var oldu\u011funa art\u0131q t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u0259nir. T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil ki, m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259tinin yoxlu\u011fu k\u00fctl\u0259nin \u0259dal\u0259t axtarmas\u0131na t\u0259kan verdi, bu \u0259dal\u0259t is\u0259 \u00f6z realiz\u0259sini\u00a0 \u0130smay\u0131ll\u0131 v\u0259 Qubada\u00a0 tapd\u0131. K\u00fctl\u0259nin \u0259dal\u0259ti nec\u0259 olur, ham\u0131 buna \u015fahid oldu.
\n
\n \u015e\u0259h\u0259rin m\u0259rk\u0259zind\u0259 bazar \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmadan veril\u0259n kompensasiya m\u00fcqabilind\u0259 insanlar evl\u0259rind\u0259n did\u0259rgin sal\u0131nd\u0131. M\u00fclkiyy\u0259t toxunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6z m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259sliyini itirdi. Kapitalist sistemd\u0259 iqtisadi inki\u015faf\u0131n m\u00fch\u0259rrik funksiyas\u0131 rolunu oynayan bu iki institut Az\u0259rbaycanda m\u0259hv edildi.<\/p>\n

Hakimiyy\u0259t qollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6lg\u00fc \u00f6z \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini itirdi. Hakimiyy\u0259tin icra qolu dig\u0259r hakimiyy\u0259t qollar\u0131 olan parlament v\u0259 m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 sistemini bitirdi.<\/p>\n

Daron Acemo\u011flu v\u0259 Robinsonun t\u0259birinc\u0259 des\u0259k, biz bel\u0259likl\u0259, iflasa u\u011fram\u0131\u015f d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r s\u0131ras\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fck.
\n
\n \u00c7\u0131x\u0131\u015f yolu varm\u0131? Var. \u018fslind\u0259, m\u0259tnin i\u00e7ind\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f yollar\u0131 q\u0131sa da olsa g\u00f6st\u0259rilib. Geni\u015f formada n\u00f6vb\u0259ti yaz\u0131da yazaca\u011fam.<\/p>\n


\n M\u0259qal\u0259 Kultura.az – Foto: Abbas Atilaya m\u0259xsusdur
\n <\/b><\/p>\n

M\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunan m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r:<\/p>\n


\n Terry Lynn Karl, The Oil Trap: http:\/\/iis-db.stanford.edu\/pubs\/21537\/No_80_Terry_Karl_-_Effects_of_Oil_Development.pdf
\n <\/i><\/p>\n


\n Michael L. Ross, Does Oil Hinder Democracy? http:\/\/www.maxwell.syr.edu\/uploadedFiles\/exed\/sites\/ldf\/Academic\/Ross%20-%20Does%20Oil%20Hinder%20Democracy.pdf
\n <\/i><\/p>\n


\n Michael L. Ross, The Political Economy of the Resource Curse
\n <\/i>
\n
\n
\n http:\/\/www.sscnet.ucla.edu\/polisci\/faculty\/ross\/paper.pdf
\n <\/i><\/p>\n


\n Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson: \u201cWhy nation fail\u201d
\n <\/i><\/p>\n


\n Larry Diamond and Jack Mosbacher:\u00a0 \u201cPetroleum to the People\u201d
\n <\/i><\/p>\n


\n \u00a0http:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/139647\/larry-diamond-and-jack-mosbacher\/petroleum-to-the-people
\n <\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Haz\u0131rda Az\u0259rbaycan \u201cicar\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259ti\u201ddir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":37961,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-172630","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-menim-fikrimce","infinite-scroll-item","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33","no-featured-image-padding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNeft l\u0259n\u0259ti - MEYDAN.TV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meydan.tv\/az\/article\/neft-leneti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"az_AZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Neft l\u0259n\u0259ti - 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